A Study of Gender Inequality in Hong Kong: Review of Literature

Introduction

The issue of gender inequality remains a pressing concern in various societies, including Hong Kong. The disparity in wages between men and women is a significant aspect of this inequality, influencing not only economic outcomes but also social dynamics. This essay reviews the literature on gender inequality in Hong Kong, focusing on the gender wage gap, the cultural underpinnings of gender discrimination, and the subjective dimensions of gender prejudice. By examining these facets, we can better understand the complexities of gender inequality in this region.

The Gender Wage Gap in Hong Kong

Research conducted by Ge, Li, and Zhang utilized data from the Census Department of Hong Kong, specifically from 2006, to analyze the gender wage gap. Their findings indicated a gradual decline in the wage gap over the years; however, men still earn more than women. To delve deeper into this issue, the authors employed the Machado and Mata method (2005) to assess the variations in gender wage disparities across different income levels.

The results revealed that the gender earnings gap is more pronounced at both the higher and lower ends of the income spectrum. This observation suggests the presence of two significant phenomena: the "glass ceiling effect," which restricts women's advancement to higher positions, and the "sticky floor effect," which keeps women trapped in lower-paying jobs. Furthermore, the authors highlighted that gender apartheid is particularly evident in higher-level positions, where many organizations exhibit a preference for male employees, thereby exacerbating the wage gap.

Cultural Influences on Gender Discrimination

In their exploration of gender inequality, Ridgeway and Correll emphasized the role of cultural beliefs in perpetuating gender discrimination. They posited that societal norms and expectations reinforce male dominance, shaping perceptions of gender roles and behaviors. To address these entrenched inequalities, the authors proposed two potential solutions: first, to eliminate the categorization of individuals as male or female, and second, to push gender to its "ends." While the former is challenging to implement, the latter may be more feasible.

Ridgeway and Correll suggested that interventions such as affirmative action could help level the playing field for women in various societal contexts. By fostering an environment where women are afforded equal opportunities to engage in the workforce, they argued that workplace assumptions regarding women's competence could shift. This change, they asserted, would extend beyond individual organizations and influence societal perceptions as a whole.

Subjective Dimensions of Gender Inequality

Yue's research contributes to the understanding of gender inequality by focusing on the subjective experiences often overlooked in previous studies. He began by acknowledging objective realities, noting that despite an increase in women's participation in the labor market, they continue to face disadvantages. Yue theorized that subjective dimensions of gender bias play a crucial role in how individuals perceive and evaluate gender inequality.

In his analysis, Yue pointed out that the cultural values of Hong Kong residents significantly shape their views on inequality. He referenced traditional Confucian ideology, which suggests that married women bear the "double burden" of managing both professional responsibilities and domestic duties, while men are expected to fulfill significant community roles. This cultural framework, he argued, extends into the workplace, resulting in women frequently occupying subordinate positions.

Summary of Key Findings

The following table summarizes the key findings from the reviewed literature on gender inequality in Hong Kong:

Conclusion

Gender inequality in Hong Kong is a multifaceted issue that encompasses economic, cultural, and subjective dimensions. The research conducted by Ge, Li, and Zhang highlights the persistence of the gender wage gap, while Ridgeway and Correll emphasize the cultural roots of gender discrimination. Additionally, Yue's focus on the subjective experiences of individuals underscores the importance of understanding how cultural values shape perceptions of inequality. Addressing gender inequality in Hong Kong requires a comprehensive approach that acknowledges these complexities and implements targeted interventions to promote equity.

References

Ge, L., Li, Y., & Zhang, X. (2006). Analysis of the gender wage gap in Hong Kong. Census Department.

Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510-531.

Yue, A. (2012). The subjective dimension of gender inequality in Hong Kong. Journal of Gender Studies, 21(3), 231-245.