Essays on Psychology

Introduction B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) is well known for his development in shaping and understanding behaviour through Operant Conditioning (OC), where the use of reinforcement or punishment dictates the probability of an action being repeated. Skinner’s theory expanded from the work of Edward Thorndike, who developed...

If asked to define conditioning, I would say it is the act of using repeated efforts to shape something into what is desired. In the context of psychology, conditioning is described as a way of learning. Psychologists categorize learning by conditioning into two branches, classical...

This essay will explore the possible application of operant conditioning strategies in the classroom to encourage students to be more participative during class and to be more proactive in completing their assignments and homework. The typical behaviors of students in the age range given in...

Consciousness is “personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and external environment”. The states of consciousness are connected with two important types of brainwaves that each holds a specific mental state such as; alpha (relaxed wakefulness) and beta (alert wakefulness). The conscious realm does not...

Do animals experience emotions? Do they think? Do they have a life story? These are all questions that as of late, researchers have been deeply investigating. As a pet owner, I have bonded with multiple animals throughout the years and I would have to answer...

Dubbed by David Chalmers as one of the greatest mysteries of existence, consciousness is a topic that has become a debatable issue among professionals of both neurology and psychology. Contradicting theories are raised by both parties as they argue whether consciousness is purely a translation...

The awareness people have of their thoughts, perceptions, and feelings about the things around them determines their level of consciousness. Consciousness controls what people believe to be true and what they perceive is happening at a particular moment. So, it is central to one’s sense...

Cognitive behavioral therapy relies on the notion that as humans, our thoughts, emotions and behaviors are linked to one another. The aim of cognitive behavioral therapy is to identify the linkages between emotions, thoughts and actions, and work with clients to determine what is helpful...

In our modern time, depression is strongly talked about when it comes to a mental health issue, also is the use of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT). When mixing CBT and depression, it introduces a new way of dealing with the symptom of depression and how...

According to “Statistics of Addiction in America” there are 20.6 million people who are affected by addiction alone, starting from the age of 12, on 2011. Tobacco addiction is not even included in the statistics, imagine how many millions would the actual number be if...

Abstract This study aims to investigate whether birth order has any influence on level of self-esteem. A Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale questionnaire was given to each potential participant (n=30) who consent to give their information for research purposes with ensured anonymity in which their identity is...

Abstract Relationship Science has aided our understanding of human behaviour and is the foundation of human conditions. Many theorists have contributed to the field of Relationship Science (particularly Bowlby’s (1969) Attachment Theory). The attachment theory is fundamentally based on the idea that humans need intimacy...

Racism is discrimination against someone of a different race based on a belief that their own race is superior. Racism is further explained by the Attachment Theory due to children who are raised by their caregiver in early age to be racist, children grow with...

The topic I chose for my essay is attachment theory and romantic relationships. I will first start off with a story of a romantic relationship that will portray one of the attachment styles. Then, I will give a brief description of the attachment theory and...

Feminism, as a basis, is the advocacy of having equality of the sexes. It ranges from political movements to different ideologies in order to achieve equality in all of the different aspects. This includes fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities...

One of the most interesting cultural concepts is that of altruism. For our purposes, altruism refers to our willingness to give away financial resources, even when it’s to our own detriment. Historically, Eastern cultures have been known to be more altruistic than their Western counterparts....

Introduction Altruism is defined as the voluntary manner intended to benefit a person(s) without expecting external rewards. Altruism in the simplest form can be explained as an action or behaviour that is aimed at benefiting another person .Its origin comes from the French word “ altruisme...

Introduction It has long been assumed that the motivation for all intentional actions of humans, including actions intended to benefit others, is egoistic. People benefit others because they can benefit themselves ultimately. However, the empathy-altruism hypothesis challenges this assumption. The empathy-altruism hypothesis states that feelings...

Altruism is a type of helping behaviour, largely it involves of helping someone without any expectation of compensation or mutual benefit for the action. Even, helping others may cause us stand at a high risk or even it would bring us some disadvantages result, but...