Compare and Contrast: The Code of Hammurabi and The Ten Commandments

The Code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments are two ancient sets of rules that have seriously influenced how laws and morals developed in societies over time. They both aim to guide human actions but come from different places with unique principles. So, let’s dive into comparing these two, looking at what they share and where they differ, and see how these differences shaped societal norms.

Origins: Where Did They Come From?

The Code of Hammurabi was created by King Hammurabi of Babylon way back in the 18th century BCE. Imagine seeing it inscribed on a big stone for everyone to read! On the flip side, the Ten Commandments were given to Moses on Mount Sinai as told in the Hebrew Bible. While Hammurabi's Code is basically human-made laws, the Ten Commandments are viewed as divine messages straight from God.

Scope: What's Covered?

Hammurabi's Code has got loads of stuff—criminal law, civil issues, even economic rules. It’s got 282 laws covering all sorts of things about life in Babylon. Meanwhile, the Ten Commandments mainly focus on moral duties and religious beliefs, like how humans should behave towards God and each other. So yeah, while Hammurabi's Code is pretty comprehensive, the Ten Commandments zero in on moral and spiritual stuff.

Underlying Principles: Different Foundations

This is interesting: Hammurabi's Code goes with "an eye for an eye," meaning punishments match crimes. It's all about payback justice. But the Ten Commandments? They’re more about love, respect, and doing what God wants—basically ethical behavior and personal responsibility. Both want order and justice, sure, but they go at it differently.

Treatment of Women and Slaves: Key Differences

A big difference between them is how they deal with women’s rights. Hammurabi's Code includes laws on women’s roles in marriage and inheritance. But when you look at the Ten Commandments? There's nothing specific about gender issues there. And then there's slavery—Hammurabi’s Code talks a lot about owning slaves and their treatment. The Ten Commandments? Not so much detail there.

Conclusion: Impact on Society

In wrapping up, both the Code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments have left marks on legal systems but through different origins, scopes, and principles. One’s made by people; one’s seen as divine revelation. One covers a lot; one focuses on morals. Understanding these distinctions really helps us get why they influenced society as they did—and how their values stuck around through history.

References

• Michaels, A.S., & Fischer, M.J. (2015). The Historical Contexts of Legal Codes in Ancient Societies. Cambridge University Press.
• Kramer, S.N. (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press.
• Pritchard, J.B., ed. (1958). The Ancient Near East – An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton University Press.
• Westbrook, R., & Wells, B., (2009). A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law. Brill Academic Publishers.
• Barton, J., (2001). The Biblical World. Routledge.