Drug & Alcohol Treatment in America (on The Example of Arkansas)

An alarming rate of substance abuse continues to raise concerns in the West Memphis area of Arkansas. In a report by The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas program, Arkansas was identified as one of the top ten states for illicit drug use and non-medical prescription medication in 2010-2011. The abuse of various substances, including prescription drugs, synthetic marijuana, heroin, and methamphetamine, is on the rise, with a particular emphasis on prescription painkillers.

Understanding Prescription Drug Abuse

Individuals who abuse prescription painkillers, often referred to as opioids, may not realize they are developing an addiction until it is too late. Many users begin by taking opiate-based pain relief medications but soon find themselves requiring larger doses as they develop a tolerance to the drug's effects. When they attempt to stop, they may experience withdrawal symptoms that can lead to severe health consequences, including death. An Arkansas State Epidemiological report indicates that the accessibility of prescription drugs is a significant factor driving their abuse. This report also highlights a troubling trend: individuals who initially misuse prescription medications are more likely to turn to illicit street drugs, such as heroin, as prescription drugs become increasingly expensive. Regional addiction treatment director Raymon Carson notes, “As the pill supply shrinks, individuals seeking that high will turn to more dangerous substances.”

The Current Landscape of Substance Abuse in Arkansas

Despite a reported decrease in prescription drug abuse since 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that prescription rates in nine Arkansas counties remain higher than the national average. Arkansas ranks second only to Alabama in opioid prescription rates, with an astonishing 114.6 prescriptions per person, which is double the national average.

In a historic enforcement action, the United States Department of Justice announced charges against over 120 individuals, including doctors and nurses, for their involvement in healthcare fraud schemes totaling $1.3 billion. These individuals were implicated in prescribing and distributing opioids and other narcotics. Attorney Patrick C. Harris emphasized that “the abuse of prescription medication, particularly opioids, is one of the largest health and crime problems Arkansas is facing.”

Impact of Substance Abuse on Arkansas

A report by the Arkansas State Epidemiological Outcomes Workgroup revealed that 11 of the 15 leading causes of death in the state in 2010 were related to substance abuse. Between 2017 and 2018, there were 612 drug-related arrests in the state. The National Drug Intelligence Center reported that 8,861 individuals were admitted to publicly funded treatment facilities in 2002 for various substances, including amphetamines, crack cocaine, powdered cocaine, marijuana, and heroin.

Socioeconomic Factors and Substance Abuse

As of 2017, Arkansas had a population of 3,004,279 residents, with a median household income of $42,336. Approximately 18.8% of individuals in the state live below the poverty line. The preliminary unemployment rate was recorded at 3.7%, significantly lower than in previous years. Although higher unemployment rates typically correlate with increased substance abuse (source: 12 Keys Rehab), this does not appear to be the case in Arkansas. The fight against substance abuse and addiction requires informed individuals who seek help. If you or a loved one is struggling with substance abuse, numerous resources are available to provide assistance.

Over the last 15 years, Arkansas has seen a significant increase in its prison population, with many incarcerated individuals facing non-violent drug and alcohol-related charges. Addicts may resort to crimes, such as robbery, to finance their habits. Although alternatives to incarceration exist, such as treatment programs, the likelihood of being admitted to such programs is often low. Thus, it is crucial for individuals battling addiction to seek help before engaging in behavior they might otherwise avoid.

Available Resources for Treatment

State-funded rehabilitation centers are available for those who cannot afford private treatment. Many programs are tailored to the individual’s needs and provide professional support to all admitted. Arkansas has 68 different treatment centers listed online, but it is essential to conduct thorough research before selecting one, as some may have mixed reviews. One significant barrier to rehabilitation is the perceived cost. AlcoholRehab outlines various reasons why addicts may avoid rehab or leave prematurely, emphasizing the importance of completing the program. Another valuable resource is AddictionNoMore, which offers a hotline for individuals to discuss their options and find suitable rehabilitation facilities. The website also provides a directory of free and low-cost rehabilitation centers across the United States, including Arkansas.

Steps in the Rehabilitation Process

Once an individual has decided to seek help, the rehabilitation process typically follows four main steps:

1. Admission

   During intake, the individual will determine if the facility is appropriate for their needs. It is crucial to ask questions and address concerns at this stage. The center will inquire about the individual's history with substance use and may require tests to customize the program effectively.

2. Detoxification

   This stage involves removing any remaining substances from the body. Most centers will assist individuals through detoxification, and some may prescribe maintenance medications to ease withdrawal symptoms, especially for those struggling with prescription medications or heroin.

3. Withdrawal

   After detoxification, individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Symptoms can appear within hours and may include:

   • Suicidal thoughts
   • Extreme fatigue
   • Muscle cramps
   • Increased heart rate
   • Insomnia
   • Difficulty concentrating
   • Agitation
   • Nausea
   • Hallucinations
   • Heart complications
4. Therapy

   After withdrawal, individuals progress to therapy, which includes individual, group, and family sessions. Therapy helps individuals address the reasons for their substance use and develop strategies for relapse prevention.

Continued Support and Recovery

Recovery does not end upon leaving the rehabilitation center; it is a lifelong process requiring commitment and ongoing support. Many rehabilitation facilities offer aftercare programs, which may include weekend stays for those feeling vulnerable to relapse or living in sober environments with others facing similar challenges.

To prevent relapse, individuals can take proactive steps, such as distancing themselves from former friends, avoiding places associated with past substance use, and adhering to prescribed medications. If a relapse occurs, it is crucial to remember that recovery is a continuous journey, and individuals can always choose to seek help again.

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Arkansas State Epidemiological Outcomes Workgroup
• National Drug Intelligence Center
• AlcoholRehab
• AddictionNoMore
• 12 Keys Rehab