Existentialism in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead"

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that explores the individual's search for meaning in an absurd and chaotic world. Tom Stoppard's play, "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead," is a prime example of existentialist literature. Drawing inspiration from Shakespeare's "Hamlet," Stoppard's play delves into the themes of identity, existence, and the inevitability of death. This essay will analyze the presence of existentialism in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" by examining the characters' struggle with their purpose, the concept of free will, and the constant reminder of mortality.
In "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead," Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are portrayed as characters who lack a clear sense of purpose. They are constantly confused about their identities and their role in the world. This existential crisis is evident in Rosencrantz's statement, "We're actors – we're the opposite of people" (Stoppard, 1967, p. 29). This line reflects their struggle to define themselves and find meaning in their existence.

Moreover, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's constant questioning and pondering about their purpose align with existentialist ideas. They often engage in philosophical discussions, contemplating the nature of reality, existence, and the meaning of life. These conversations highlight their existential angst and their desperate search for purpose in a world that seems absurd and meaningless.

Existentialism emphasizes the individual's freedom to shape their own existence. However, in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead," the characters seem trapped in a predetermined fate, unable to exercise their free will. They are mere pawns in a larger game, manipulated by external forces.

This lack of control over their own lives is exemplified in the constant repetition of the coin toss game. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern repeatedly toss a coin, hoping for an outcome that will give them a sense of agency. However, the coin always lands on heads, denying them the freedom to choose their own path. This repetition reinforces the idea that their lives are predetermined and that they have no control over their own destinies.

Existentialism often grapples with the concept of mortality and the human fear of death. In "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead," the characters are constantly surrounded by death and reminded of their own mortality. They witness the deaths of various characters, including Hamlet, Polonius, and the traveling troupe, which serves as a constant reminder of their own impending demise.

The presence of the Player, a character who represents the inevitability of death, further reinforces this theme. The Player's troupe performs scenes involving death, highlighting the transience of life and the universal nature of mortality. This emphasis on death adds to the existentialist undertones of the play, as the characters are forced to confront their own mortality and the meaninglessness of their existence in the face of death.

Conclusion:

"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" is a thought-provoking play that aligns with the principles of existentialism. Through the characters' struggle with purpose, the exploration of free will, and the constant reminder of mortality, the play raises existential questions about the nature of existence and the search for meaning in an absurd world.

By delving into these existentialist themes, Stoppard challenges the audience to reflect on their own lives and contemplate the universal human condition. "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" serves as a reminder that life's meaning is subjective and that individuals must create their own purpose in an inherently chaotic and unpredictable world.

In conclusion, Stoppard's play not only entertains but also prompts deeper philosophical contemplation. By examining the presence of existentialism in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead," we gain a greater understanding of the characters' existential struggles and the broader implications of the play's themes. This analysis invites us to reflect on our own existence, the choices we make, and the search for meaning in our own lives.