Film Review: 12 Monkeys

Introduction

Recast as a fair-weather Hollywood rebel with Terry Gilliam’s 12 Monkeys – breaking the rules only just enough to accrue a superficial glaze of strangeness – Chris Marker’s La Jetée is the real deal. It’s as aesthetically radical as any film this side of, well, Hiroshima, Mon Amour three years earlier, at least, but La Jetée was released in the most aesthetically radical period of cinema ever, so “as (blank) as any film since (blank)” has the misfortune of not really working here. Marker’s short film is an elegy for the cohesive illusion of time as a passive process, as an unalienable fact to be perceived identically by all and regurgitated out by scores of films more or less in unison.

Film Review: 12 Monkeys

Most films grant themselves safe passage to erase time, to treat time as a background specter to be shocked into corporeality when a film needs to increase its own stakes via a ticking clock bomb or parallel editing that expands time to increase suspense. Films escape time, essentially, and they ask us to escape with them; they whisk us away, projecting a parallel universe where the events of the world are liberated from death, from age, from vulnerability to the physical realm, to the material reality that conditions their own existence. The protagonist of Marker’s film is a vagabond traveler from a postwar Parisian hell tasked with traveling to the past in hope of discovering an energy source that can power his atomically-ravaged future society.

His conduit for travel is a memory permanently but not necessarily accurately etched into his mental architecture, a whisper of a moment visualizing a murder he witnessed at an airport back in the pre-war days. 12 Monkeys limns this much, and only this much, from Marker’s film. Yet if Gilliam’s work imagines time-travel as a possibly traumatic whim for his film to engage with if as a conditioning device for an adequate but unspectacular ‘90s thriller, time-travel in La Jetée is not a practice of choice – a subject to be engaged in willingly by a film, to be invited. For La Jetée, the past is not only immanently addressed in all films – which are definitionally simulacra of a world once filmed and now represented – but perhaps the essence of all cinema. If 12 Monkeys is a science-fiction film in the conventional “narrative dressed up in technical mumbo-jumbo” sense, La Jetée is a trip of a different kind, an excursion into the deepest, darkest center of cinema and its immanent construction not outside of time but within time. Marker’s film doesn’t introduce time. Time is all around films, is the tangible-intangible currency of the medium, is the medium itself. Marker simply demands that we confront it.

The Lost World of La Jetée

The lost world in La Jetée is the uncertain and ambiguous geography of the past itself, not a specific past but the flow of time altogether. A death march of still images, each recasting and remodeling the former in a half-presence of live time, La Jetée defies the compulsion to completely cast a solid mannequin of history, as though it is observing objective time that flows at 24 frames per second. This practice of most films – to boldly traverse time and rekindle the past – is not a choice but a fact of the very medium: all movies necessarily reintroduce us to the past insofar as they are a copy of the world that filmed them. If Andre Bazin so eloquently articulated that the still image embalms time, casting a moment of the past in a death mask, Marker’s film takes a hammer to time, refusing to allow each moment to crystallize fully. We see moments as partialities, glimpsing an image that, after several seconds, gives way to the next, producing a liminal time that is neither the pleasing normalcy of 24 frames per second – the illusion of unobstructed movement – nor pure stillness, allowing us to stare at each image for as long as we please in hopes of grasping all its mysteries, akin to a photo or a painting. La Jetée is more cataclysmic still. It infects the image with its own brittleness and ephemerality, an understanding of transience that denies each image its completeness. Each moment is gifted to us long enough to partially solidify – like a viscous impression of a footprint in the memory of time itself – only to be swept away before it can congeal into more than a haze of any given moment.

Comparative Analysis

Gilliam’s film is a narrative of crystallization, by comparison. Its organizing principle is the linear trajectory from absence to presence, from the elusive dark to statuesque reality. Its essential urge is to corporealize memory by processing it as history, proverbially “getting to the bottom of the thing,” the thing being the protagonist’s haunted imagination of a past event. As with nearly every film that withholds information, 12 Monkeys defines absence only as a negative condition to illuminate presence. It withholds information to play with us and to eventually pat itself on the back for its unobstructed revelation. The film visualizes past, present, and future as essentially neutral, interchangeable territories imminently accessible to the viewer; or rather, the film sees each as a continual presence, a state of being of the present, not subject to age and wither. Comparatively, obstruction, in La Jetée, is not something to initiate but something immanent; film is always obstructed from accessing the proverbial “whole” of an event. Told (almost) entirely in still images, Marker’s film is not only a story but a philosophy of time, an investigation of time that cannot be reclaimed. Gilliam’s project is to pacify us with the thrust of narrative, to open up a conduit from longing to realizing, to figure out what event haunts its protagonist. Marker’s is to open up a fertile region of ambiguity and ambivalence where form and perception rather than fact and discovery reign supreme. Viewing the film as a narrative brought to conclusion trivializes it. What Marker questions is not what narrative he can create but how time even constructs itself in the mind’s eye and why the mind, and the medium of film as its sculpting tool, all but demands a completely accessible past and a narrative in the first place. What, in other words, are the preconditions for narrativizing? Really, Gilliam’s film isn’t so much a reduction or watering-down of Marker’s vision as its diametric opposite, if we are being generous, or a misreading, if we are not. Twelve Monkeys accesses personal consciousness by destroying it, casting its protagonist’s memories as objective renderings of a world rather than personal perceptions. The film avoids or sands over the thickets of memory and replaces it with a concrete erection of unarguable history.

The Subjectivity of Memory

Contrarily, La Jetée cannot escape consciousness, cannot elude its own subjectivity and its own provocative failure to render a harmony of sound and image for us. Whatever happens to Bruce Willis’ protagonist in Twelve Monkeys, Gilliam’s film takes for granted the masculine cause-effect, set-up-to-pay-off structure that La Jetée immanently questions. Whatever temporal delay Twelve Monkeys partakes in is only for eventual fulfillment, a filmic-heroic act of eventual stitching-together as the film empowers itself to tie-up its own never-very-tangled knots. Memory in La Jetée is not so easily reclaimed or assimilated into our normal understanding of time. La Jetée is thus a transformative and dialectical space, not simply a mummification ritual that absolves the image from having to die. Notice the dexterous interlay of first and third person memories in La Jetée and the implicit suggestion that many of these memory-images are mental projections where the protagonist casts himself into his own images, positioning his memories in a pseudo-objective third-person that he could not have experienced at the time. Even when the film rouses semi-motion through shortening the length of the shots, it reminds us that memory is but a phantom limb of lived experience, a marker of the mind brutally attempting to recollect that which eludes it. This is a kind of courage to dismantle and vandalize itself that Twelve Monkeys never dares.

Conclusion

In sum, Marker’s La Jetée and Gilliam’s 12 Monkeys represent two fundamentally different approaches to the cinematic exploration of time and memory. While Gilliam opts for a narrative-driven, accessible interpretation of time travel that aligns with conventional storytelling, Marker challenges the viewer to engage with time as an elusive and subjective construct, emphasizing the fragmented nature of memory. The philosophical depth of La Jetée invites audiences to reconsider their understanding of cinema as a medium inherently tied to the past, urging a reflection on the very essence of film as a representation of time itself.

References

• Bazin, A. (1967). What is Cinema? Vol. 1. University of California Press.
• Gilliam, T. (Director). (1995). 12 Monkeys [Film]. Universal Pictures.
• Marker, C. (Director). (1962). La Jetée [Short Film]. Argos Films.