History of Economic Thought

**John Stuart Mill: A Voice for Women's Rights in Economic Thought**

Introduction

John Stuart Mill, a prominent British economist and philosopher of the 19th century, is often celebrated for his refinement of Utilitarianism and his staunch advocacy for individual liberty. However, one significant aspect of Mill's contribution that remains largely unexamined is his advocacy for women's legal and social equality, particularly articulated in his 1861 work, The Subjection of Women. This essay aims to demonstrate that Mill's principles would extend to contemporary debates surrounding women's reproductive rights, especially in the context of policies enacted during the Trump administration that threaten these rights.

The Current Landscape of Women's Rights

Since the inception of his presidency, Donald Trump has pursued policies that systematically undermine women's access to reproductive healthcare. During the third presidential debate, Trump made his stance on abortion clear, vowing to appoint only pro-life justices to the Supreme Court and suggesting that Roe v. Wade would be "automatically" overturned. This rhetoric has emboldened anti-choice activists, resulting in significant setbacks for women's health rights. For instance, his administration appointed individuals like Scott Lloyd, who obstructed abortion access for young immigrant women in federal custody, indicating a troubling trend of prioritizing ideological beliefs over women's healthcare.

Impact of the Mexico City Policy

One of the most substantial actions taken by the Trump administration was the reinstatement and expansion of the Mexico City Policy, commonly referred to as the Global Gag Rule (GGR). This policy prohibits foreign organizations receiving U.S. international family planning funds from providing information about or advocating for abortion services, even with their own resources. This expansion of the GGR has far-reaching implications, potentially leading to millions of unintended pregnancies and maternal deaths globally. The effects of such policies highlight the intersection between reproductive rights and economic outcomes for women.

Domestic Policies Affecting Reproductive Rights

Domestically, the Trump administration enacted rules that severely restricted access to contraceptive coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). By allowing employers to deny coverage based on religious or moral objections, these rules undermine women's ability to make autonomous decisions regarding their reproductive health. The ACA had previously enabled women to access contraception without copayment, significantly reducing the financial burden associated with family planning. This change not only affects women's health but also their economic stability and participation in the workforce.

Mill's Perspective on Women's Equality and Reproductive Rights

What would John Stuart Mill say about the current state of women's rights? Mill's writings, particularly The Subjection of Women, argue for the inherent equality of the sexes. He contended that the subordination of women is not only morally wrong but also detrimental to societal progress. Mill asserted that by denying women equal opportunities, society inhibits its own potential for improvement. He would likely argue that women's reproductive rights are a crucial aspect of their equality and autonomy. By controlling their reproductive choices, women can contribute more effectively to the economy and society.

Economic Implications of Women's Rights

The relationship between women's reproductive rights and economic outcomes is profound. Research indicates that access to contraception allows women to pursue education and employment opportunities, resulting in increased economic contributions. For instance, women with access to birth control can earn approximately 40% more than those without such access. This economic empowerment benefits society as a whole, creating a more productive workforce.

Conclusion

In conclusion, John Stuart Mill's advocacy for women's rights and equality provides a critical lens through which to view contemporary issues surrounding reproductive rights. His arguments for individual liberty, coupled with the economic implications of denying women control over their reproductive choices, underscore the importance of safeguarding these rights. As the policies of the Trump administration threaten to roll back progress made in women's rights, it is essential to recognize the economic and social benefits of empowering women through access to reproductive healthcare.

References

• ACLU. (2018). Scott Lloyd's Actions and Their Impact on Women's Health.
• Buchholz, T. (1990). Mill's Utilitarianism and the Equality of Women.
• Center For Health And Gender Equity. (2018). The Expanded Global Gag Rule.
• MSI. (2017). Impact of the Trump GGR on Women's Access to Contraception.
• Planned Parenthood. (2018). Understanding the Mexico City Policy.
• Schultz, T. (2009). Economic Impacts of Women's Access to Contraception.
• World Health Organization. (2008). Consequences of Reduced Access to Reproductive Health Services.

Table: Impact of Access to Contraception on Women's Economic Outcomes