Modernism in "Hills Like White Elephants" by Ernest Hemingway

"Hills Like White Elephants" is often hailed as a masterpiece of modernist literature. Through its innovative narrative structure, subtle symbolism, and exploration of complex themes, the story exemplifies the characteristics of modernism. By analyzing the text and considering the historical context in which it was written, we can gain a deeper understanding of the modernist elements present in "Hills Like White Elephants."

The Influence of Modernism

Modernism emerged in the early 20th century as a literary and artistic movement that sought to break away from traditional forms and conventions. It was characterized by experimentation, fragmentation, and a focus on the inner thoughts and experiences of characters. "Hills Like White Elephants" encapsulates these defining features of modernism through its unique structure and narrative techniques.

The story is set in a train station in Spain, where an American man and a young woman named Jig engage in a conversation about a potential abortion. Hemingway presents their dialogue in a fragmented manner, with sparse descriptions and minimal exposition. This fragmented narrative style mirrors the disjointed nature of their relationship and adds a sense of ambiguity and tension to the story.

The Symbolic Landscape

The landscape described in "Hills Like White Elephants" serves as a powerful symbol that reflects the characters' emotional state and the complex choices they face. The hills, described as "white elephants," represent the looming presence of the unwanted pregnancy and the weighty decision that hangs over the couple. The color white suggests purity and innocence, contrasting with the difficult and morally ambiguous decision they must make.

The barrenness of the surrounding landscape further emphasizes the characters' emotional emptiness and the lack of resolution in their relationship. The absence of trees and shade symbolizes the absence of stability and the uncertainty of their future. This use of symbolic imagery is a hallmark of modernist literature, as it encourages readers to actively interpret and engage with the text.

The Implications of Choice

The central theme of "Hills Like White Elephants" revolves around the characters' struggle with choice and the consequences that come with it. The story explores the tension between personal desires and societal expectations, as the couple grapples with the decision to either continue with the pregnancy or undergo an abortion.

Modernist literature often challenges traditional values and conventions, and "Hills Like White Elephants" is no exception. Hemingway presents both options without explicitly favoring one over the other, leaving the choice up to the reader's interpretation. This ambiguity reflects the modernist belief that there are no easy answers or clear-cut solutions to life's dilemmas.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants" exemplifies the characteristics of modernism through its fragmented narrative structure, symbolic imagery, and exploration of complex themes. The story challenges traditional storytelling conventions and encourages readers to actively engage with the text, making it a significant contribution to modernist literature.

By analyzing the text and considering its historical context, we can gain a deeper understanding of the modernist elements present in "Hills Like White Elephants." The story's exploration of choice and its consequences resonates with readers even today, reminding us of the ongoing relevance of Hemingway's work. As we continue to study and appreciate modernist literature, it is important to recognize the impact and enduring legacy of stories like "Hills Like White Elephants."

Bibliography

Hemingway, Ernest. "Hills Like White Elephants." Men Without Women, Scribner, 1927.