Odysseus: not a Hero

Why is Odysseus not a hero? This question has been a topic of debate among scholars and readers of Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey. While Odysseus is often portrayed as a heroic figure, a closer examination of his actions and character reveals that he falls short of the qualities typically associated with a hero. This essay will argue that Odysseus is not a hero by analyzing his deceitful nature, his lack of empathy, and his selfish motivations throughout the text.

Deceitful Nature

One of the key reasons why Odysseus cannot be considered a hero is his consistent use of deceit throughout his journey. From the very beginning, Odysseus proves himself to be cunning and manipulative. For example, when faced with the Cyclops Polyphemus, Odysseus blinds him by telling him that his name is "Nobody" (Homer, 9.366-370). This deceitful act not only displays a lack of honor but also goes against the principles of heroism, which emphasize honesty and integrity.

Moreover, Odysseus's deceit extends beyond his interactions with the Cyclops. He repeatedly lies and deceives others in order to achieve his own goals. For instance, when he arrives at the island of the Phaeacians, he fabricates a false story about his identity and the hardships he has endured (Homer, 9.19-35). This manipulation of the truth undermines his credibility and casts doubt on his heroic status.

In light of these instances, it becomes evident that Odysseus's deceitful nature contradicts the qualities typically associated with a hero. Heroes are expected to embody truthfulness and honor, which Odysseus consistently fails to uphold. Therefore, it is clear that he cannot be considered a hero.

Lack of Empathy

Another significant aspect that undermines Odysseus's heroism is his lack of empathy towards others. Throughout his journey, he demonstrates a callous disregard for the lives and well-being of those around him. This lack of empathy is especially evident in his treatment of his men.

On multiple occasions, Odysseus exposes his crew to unnecessary danger and death. For example, when they encounter the enchantress Circe, Odysseus willingly stays with her for a year while his men are transformed into pigs (Homer, 10.209-258). Despite their desperate pleas for help, he remains indifferent to their suffering. This lack of compassion and willingness to sacrifice his men's lives for his own personal gain is a clear departure from the heroic ideal.

In addition, Odysseus's lack of empathy extends to his treatment of others he encounters on his journey. He often resorts to violence without considering the consequences or the impact on innocent bystanders. For instance, when the suitors invade his home in Ithaca, Odysseus brutally slaughters them without any regard for the lives he takes (Homer, 22.11-50). This ruthless behavior further highlights his disregard for the value of human life and undermines his claim to heroism.

Considering Odysseus's lack of empathy towards others, it becomes clear that he does not possess the qualities necessary to be classified as a hero. Heroes are expected to demonstrate compassion, selflessness, and a willingness to protect and save others. Odysseus's actions consistently fail to meet these standards, thus disqualifying him from heroic status.

Selfish Motivations

Finally, a critical aspect that distinguishes Odysseus from a hero is his selfish motivations throughout his journey. While heroes are driven by a desire to serve a greater cause or protect their people, Odysseus's actions are primarily motivated by self-interest.

For instance, when he encounters the Sirens, Odysseus chooses to listen to their enchanting songs, endangering not only his own life but also the lives of his crew (Homer, 12.166-200). His decision to prioritize his own desires over the safety of his men demonstrates a selfishness that contradicts the selflessness typically associated with heroes.

Furthermore, Odysseus's motivations become even more apparent in his treatment of women throughout the text. He objectifies women, using them as pawns to further his own agenda. For example, he seduces the goddess Calypso and remains with her for years, solely for his own pleasure and convenience (Homer, 5.1-85). This exploitation of women for personal gain goes against the principles of heroism, which emphasize respect and equality.

Considering Odysseus's selfish motivations, it becomes evident that he cannot be viewed as a hero. Heroes are driven by a sense of duty and selflessness, always placing the needs of others before their own. Odysseus consistently fails to embody these qualities, making him undeserving of the heroic title.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Odysseus's deceitful nature, lack of empathy, and selfish motivations throughout The Odyssey undermine his claim to heroism. His consistent use of deceit, callous treatment of others, and selfish motivations stand in stark contrast to the qualities typically associated with heroes. While Odysseus is often lauded as a heroic figure, a closer examination of his actions and character reveals that he falls short of the heroic ideal. Therefore, it is clear that Odysseus is not a hero.

By critically analyzing Odysseus's character, this essay has shed light on the reasons why he cannot be considered a hero. His deceitful nature, lack of empathy, and selfish motivations highlight his failure to meet the standards of heroism. This discussion invites further exploration of the concept of heroism and the ways in which it is portrayed in literature. It challenges readers to question traditional notions of heroism and consider alternative perspectives. As we continue to engage with ancient texts like The Odyssey, it is essential to critically examine the characters and themes presented, allowing us to gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of heroism and human nature.

Bibliography

Homer. The Odyssey. Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Books, 1996.