Ptsd in The Odyssey: How Has Odysseus Changed?

Throughout The Odyssey, the epic poem by Homer, the protagonist Odysseus undergoes a transformative journey that tests his mental and emotional resilience. As he faces numerous challenges and dangers on his way back home from the Trojan War, Odysseus experiences significant trauma that manifests in symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This essay explores the character of Odysseus and his behavior during the supreme ordeal, analyzing how PTSD affects him and ultimately changes him. By examining Odysseus' actions and reactions during crucial moments in the narrative, we can gain insight into the psychological impact of trauma and its lasting effects on an individual's behavior and personality.

One of the most well-known episodes in The Odyssey is Odysseus' encounter with the Cyclops. Upon arriving on the island of Polyphemus, Odysseus and his men are trapped in the cyclops' cave. In this supreme ordeal, Odysseus must devise a plan to escape and save his crew. However, his actions during this ordeal reveal the impact of PTSD on his behavior.

For instance, Odysseus' decision to blind Polyphemus rather than kill him outright can be seen as a reflection of his trauma. Blinding the cyclops allows Odysseus to escape without arousing the cyclops' suspicions, but it also displays a level of cruelty and vengeance that differs from his earlier character. This change in behavior can be attributed to the psychological effects of previous traumatic experiences, which have hardened Odysseus and influenced his decision-making process.

Moreover, Odysseus' reckless behavior during the escape from the Cyclops' cave further illustrates his changed mentality. Instead of quietly leaving the cave, Odysseus cannot resist taunting Polyphemus, revealing his true identity and invoking the cyclops' wrath. This lack of restraint can be seen as a symptom of PTSD, as individuals with this disorder often struggle with impulsivity and difficulties in regulating their emotions.

Another instance where Odysseus' behavior reflects the impact of PTSD is his encounter with the Sirens. When warned of the Sirens' irresistible song that lures sailors to their demise, Odysseus devises a plan to hear their song without succumbing to its deadly allure. He orders his men to bind him to the mast of the ship and instructs them to ignore his pleas for release, emphasizing his determination to resist temptation.

This behavior can be understood as a manifestation of Odysseus' trauma-induced hyper-vigilance. As a result of his previous traumatic experiences, Odysseus has developed a heightened sense of caution and a deep fear of further danger. Binding himself to the mast is a coping mechanism that allows him to experience the Sirens' song while ensuring his own safety. This change in behavior showcases the lasting effects of trauma on Odysseus' decision-making and risk assessment.

Upon finally returning to Ithaca, Odysseus faces another significant ordeal as he must reclaim his kingdom and overthrow the suitors who have plagued his home during his absence. This final test of his resilience provides further evidence of how PTSD has changed Odysseus' behavior.

Odysseus' meticulous planning and strategic thinking during the battle against the suitors highlights his heightened awareness and hypervigilance. He has become acutely attuned to potential threats, anticipating the actions of his enemies and devising ways to outwit them. This behavior is indicative of the hyperarousal symptoms often associated with PTSD, where individuals are constantly on guard and prepared for potential danger.

Furthermore, Odysseus' ruthlessness and lack of mercy towards the suitors can be seen as a reflection of his trauma-induced anger and bitterness. Having endured years of suffering and loss, Odysseus may have developed a vengeful streak that influences his behavior towards those who have wronged him. This change in character demonstrates the impact of PTSD on an individual's sense of justice and morality.

In conclusion, the character of Odysseus in The Odyssey undergoes significant changes throughout his journey, influenced by the symptoms of PTSD resulting from his traumatic experiences. His behavior during the supreme ordeal reflects the psychological impact of trauma, as he displays impulsivity, hyper-vigilance, and heightened aggression. By examining Odysseus' transformation, we gain insight into the lasting effects of PTSD on an individual's behavior and personality. The Odyssey serves as a powerful reminder that trauma can shape and change a person, and understanding this psychological impact is crucial for comprehending the complexities of human resilience and vulnerability.

Bibliography:

- Homer. The Odyssey. Translated by Emily Wilson, W. W. Norton & Company, 2017.