Role of Cholin in Drought and Salinity Stress

In essence Choline is an indispensable required nutrient for plants and animals. It is a vitamin like essential nutrient and it is soluble in water. It is not considered in vitamin or a mineral. It refers to the class of quitrent ammonium salts containing the N, N, N trimethaloammonium salts. Role of Choline in animals:

• It helps in nervous system, metabolism activities, DNA synthesis, and nervous system.
• Choline helps to make fats and to support the cell structure of cell membrane.
• It helps in tan porting of cholesterol from the liver and the Choline and other vitamins like B12 helps in DNA synthesis.

Role of Choline in drought and salinity stress: Glycine betaine (GB) and praline are two main organic osmolytes that are present in a range of plants inreaction to environmental stresses such as heavy metals reactions and UV reactions and in salinity and drought conditions and in severe temperatures like very hot and cold temperatures. While their definite roles in plants linger divisive, both compounds are deliberation to have positive possessions on enzyme and membrane veracity down with adaptive roles in managing osmotic modification in plants developed under stress environment. Plant species diverge in their aptitude to manufacture GB and a few plants, such as spinach and barley, mount up moderately elevated levels of GB in their chloroplasts as others, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, do not produce this compound. (CMO) stands for the Choline monooxygenase plays a role of catalyst in the synthesis of glycine betaine. The (CMO) gene was introduced in cotton and having the ability of providing resistance to the salinity stress.

According to the present study the two transgenic Ah Choline monooxygenase of cotton lines determines the salinity bareness in both greenhouse and field under salinity conditions. On average the GB are present 131% more in the seedlings then the non-transgenic plants under the normal salt-stress conditions. As well as the Ah Choline monooxygenase of cotton having the high tolerance of protecting the cell membrane of plant and the photosynthesis capacity of the transgenic plants as well as non transgenic plants. The electrolyte leakage and the osmotic potential are less in the transgenic plants as well as non transgenic plants. Under the stressed and salty conditions of field the seed of the yield transgenic plants are lower in normal conditions but higher as compared to non transgenic plants.

Role of Choline in hot temperature:The productivity of the plants are limited by the high temperature. Early experiments included that GB helps to save some enzymes and proteins from destabilization and from heat-induced. The increasing amount of GB can provide resistance to high temperatures. The transformed Arabidopsis that join the GB having the tolerance during the germination of seeds and imbibitions, as well as during the growth of young seedlings. It can protect the plant from heat waves.

Role of Choline in Cold Temperature: The GB that is supplied exogenously to the plants can protect the plants through the stress during low temperatures. Arabidopsis that are resulted in phrase of COD can protect the plants in low temperatures under various stages of development in genetic engineering. During germination and imbibitions the seeds of transgenic plants having the ability to tolerate the plants in low temperatures.

The manufacture of biomass by mature plants of Arabidopsis is also enhanced in low temperatures, as compared with controls.

Role of Choline in salty conditions:By the various studies on plant physiology and geneticist has been confirmed that the levels of GB is linked with the degree of salt lenience. Furthermore the outer supply of GB also increases the salt lenience of few plants that are powerless to build up GB. Plants that produced COD in their chloroplasts are Arabidopsis plants and they have ability to bear the high concentrations of NaCl during germination but having a high capability of tolerance salts during successive growth of seedlings and mature plants. The plants such as Brassica juncea have effectively transformed to bear salt stress through the gene of COD.

Role of Choline in freezing conditions:GB has a cry protective end product on outer environment of enzymes and membranes and an outer supply of GB improves the capability of plants to bear freezing stress. Most of the observation shows that the alteration of Arabidopsis for COD improved freezing lenience and having the gene in Arabidopsis are coda gene. Proteins such as cold regulated proteins which have been concerned in the advance of freezing lenience, did not appear to be accountable for the improved cold lenience of these transgenic plants, since levels of these proteins were unchanged by the transformation.