The Effects of Other Characters on The Protagonist in The Fifth Business

Introduction

Robertson Davies' novel "Fifth Business" delves into the intricate development of its protagonist, Dunstan Ramsay, through a lens deeply rooted in Jungian psychology. In this essay, we will explore how the concept of individuation, as conceptualized by Jungian analyst Anthony Stevens, plays a pivotal role in shaping Dunstan's character. By applying the Jungian theory of individuation alongside the ideas of character analysis by Perrine, we will closely examine Dunstan's transformation as he traverses the intricate tapestry of life.

Mrs. Ramsay: The Shadow

Our journey into Dunstan's individuation begins with his mother, Mrs. Ramsay. She exudes a multifaceted persona that is best revealed through Perrine's concept of indirect characterization – her personality unfolds through her actions and dialogues. Mrs. Ramsay is portrayed as a determined and strict mother, initially focused on Dunstan's well-being. However, a significant shift occurs with the arrival of Paul Dempster. This transformation is particularly evident after the infamous snowball incident.

Dunstan reflects,

"I began to believe that I was more responsible for the birth of Paul Dempster than were his parents... Part of that dreadful fate would undoubtedly be rejection by my mother."

These words illuminate the change in Mrs. Ramsay's affection, which now gravitates towards Paul, leaving Dunstan yearning for her attention. This maternal shift significantly contributes to Dunstan's early individuation process, the shadow phase. It lays the foundation for his inability to connect with women, an unconscious aspect of his personality that eludes his self-identity.

Moreover, it is crucial to delve deeper into specific scenes that highlight this transformation. For instance, when Dunstan's mother starts favoring Paul over him, the reader witnesses the emotional turmoil Dunstan experiences. His sense of rejection, inadequacy, and bitterness all stem from this pivotal moment. These feelings become an integral part of his shadow self, lurking beneath the surface of his conscious identity, and impacting his relationships throughout his life.

Diana Marfleet: The Animus

Diana Marfleet, Dunstan's first love and sexual partner, becomes a central figure in his journey of individuation. Our introduction to Diana occurs during Dunstan's time in the war when she nurses him back to health. As their relationship evolves from friendship to a romantic one, we witness Diana's transformative influence.

Diana's act of renaming Dunstan, suggesting that "Dumbledum Ramsay" will never succeed, signifies Dunstan's rebirth. While Diana initially guides him towards a new chapter in life, her character can be best understood through Perrine's concept of direct characterization – her personality is unveiled through the observations and comments of other characters. Diana is portrayed as both loving and overbearing, eventually assuming a motherly role in Dunstan's life.

Dunstan's observation,

"She was too much of a mother to me, and as I had one mother, and lost her, I was not in a hurry to acquire another,"

exemplifies Diana's contribution to Dunstan's individuation, particularly the animus phase. Her maternal demeanor inadvertently unveils dormant aspects of Dunstan's animus, bringing him closer to self-actualization.

Furthermore, it is essential to explore specific instances in which Diana's character drives Dunstan's development. Her nurturing and controlling nature mirror aspects of his mother, Mrs. Ramsay, but also symbolize Dunstan's longing for a mother figure in his life. This yearning for maternal love, intertwined with romantic feelings, represents a complex interplay of psychological forces that contribute to his individuation process.

Liesl Vitzliputzli: The Self

Liesl Vitzliputzli, an initially unfriendly and enigmatic character, plays a pivotal role in Dunstan's individuation journey. Perrine's indirect characterization serves well in deciphering Liesl's personality through her actions. Surprisingly, Liesl emerges as the one character genuinely concerned about Dunstan's well-being.

Liesl enters the narrative during Dunstan's visit to Mexico City and their encounter at a magic show. Their relationship evolves as Liesl attempts to seduce Dunstan, eventually paving the way for her to provide him with profound counsel. Liesl becomes Dunstan's confidant, prompting him to realize that he has not led a fulfilled life.

The culmination of Dunstan's individuation journey is exemplified when Liesl declares,

"Who are you? Where do you fit into poetry and myth? Do you know who I think you are, Ramsay? I think you are Fifth Business."

Liesl's revelations illuminate Dunstan's true self and empower him to embrace his role as "Fifth Business."

Furthermore, it is vital to dissect Liesl's character in greater detail. Her seemingly unattractive and mysterious appearance serves as a metaphor for the hidden aspects of Dunstan's self that have been neglected or ignored. Liesl's initial attempt to seduce Dunstan symbolizes a confrontation with his own desires and a reawakening of his suppressed anima.

Conclusion

In "Fifth Business," Robertson Davies masterfully weaves a tapestry of characters, each contributing significantly to Dunstan Ramsay's individuation journey. By applying Jungian individuation theory and Perrine's character analysis concepts, we gain a deeper understanding of how characters like Mrs. Ramsay, Diana Marfleet, and Liesl Vitzliputzli mold, transform, and fortify Dunstan throughout his life.

In conclusion, Dunstan's transformation is a testament to the complexity of the human psyche and the profound impact that relationships and experiences can have on one's individuation journey. Through a carefully crafted narrative, "Fifth Business" underscores the importance of self-discovery, personal growth, and the ultimate realization of one's true self. Dunstan Ramsay's journey serves as a mirror to our own, prompting us to ponder the paths we traverse on our own individuation journeys. It is a reminder that in the intricate dance of life, the people we encounter and the experiences we undergo shape us into the individuals we are meant to become.