Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" as a War Epic

In the realm of modern poetry, few works resonate as powerfully as Allen Ginsberg's "Howl." This groundbreaking piece not only captures the tumultuous spirit of its time but also serves as a profound commentary on the struggles of the human condition. Through its vivid imagery and passionate language, "Howl" can be interpreted as a war epic, representing a battle against societal oppression, conformity, and the pervasive forces of capitalism. Ginsberg's "Howl" is not merely a critique; it is a rallying cry for those marginalized by society, embodying the fight for individuality and authenticity.

The Enemy Within: Moloch as a Symbol of Oppression

At the heart of "Howl" lies the figure of Moloch, a representation of the destructive forces that prey upon the "angelheaded hipsters" of the post-war era. Moloch symbolizes not only capitalism but also the oppressive societal structures that stifle creativity and individuality. The poem explicitly questions, "Who is Moloch?" and through its exploration, we find a multifaceted adversary:

• The "stunned government" of post-war America
• The soulless machinery of capitalism, described as having a "mind...pure machinery"
• The blind conformity of society, which Ginsberg critiques through vivid imagery of brainwashing and mechanical thought

This characterization of Moloch highlights the insidious nature of societal corruption, which often goes unnoticed by those it ensnares. Ginsberg’s portrayal of Moloch serves as a stark reminder of the dangers posed by an unthinking populace, drawing parallels to the brainwashed citizens who followed leaders into the horrors of World War II. This connection emphasizes the need for a conscious resistance against such forces.

Celebration of the Unsung Heroes

In stark contrast to the oppressive figure of Moloch, Ginsberg’s "Howl" also celebrates the unsung heroes who bravely confront these challenges. Part I of the poem is a tribute to those who dare to question societal norms and seek deeper truths. Ginsberg refers to these individuals as the "lost battalion," who, despite being marginalized and expelled from society, continue to fight against the dehumanizing forces at play.

The diction used by Ginsberg evokes a sense of sacrifice and heroism:

• They have "bared their brains," revealing their innermost thoughts.
• They have "cut their wrists," symbolizing the pain they endure.
• They have "burned cigarette holes in their arms," illustrating their self-destructive habits borne from societal rejection.

Through these descriptions, Ginsberg expresses profound respect for these heroes, who, despite their suffering, remain steadfast in their fight against Moloch. The solidarity within "Howl" is exemplified by Ginsberg’s repeated assurances to Carl Solomon, a fellow warrior, that their struggles are intertwined: “while you are not safe I am not safe.” This connection reinforces the idea that their battle is not solitary but a collective struggle against the oppressive societal machinery.

Structure as a Reflection of War

The structure of "Howl" itself mimics the cadence of war, with its rhythmic repetition and escalating intensity. The anaphora found throughout the poem creates a steady drumbeat, propelling the reader forward through the chaos. This technique serves to emphasize the urgency of the fight against Moloch, transforming the poem into a metaphorical battlefield. The footnote at the end of "Howl" serves as the climactic moment of this war, encapsulating the hope that emerges from the struggle.

In this final segment, Ginsberg employs epizeuxis to heighten the emotional impact, reinforcing the belief that “everything is holy.” This proclamation stands as a counterpoint to the darkness represented by Moloch, suggesting that despite the overwhelming odds, there remains a possibility for redemption and triumph over evil.

Conclusion: A Nontraditional War Epic

Through "Howl," Allen Ginsberg crafts a nontraditional war epic that delves into the invisible battles fought in post-World War II America. This poem illustrates the ongoing struggle against the blindness and conformity that permeates society, emphasizing that the fight extends beyond the battlefield into the very fabric of everyday life. For Ginsberg and his contemporaries, the war did not end with the defeat of Hitler; it continued in a society that often appeared as oppressive as the regimes they had fought against. "Howl" stands as a testament to the resilience of those who dare to resist, celebrating the bravery of the unsung heroes who continue to challenge the status quo. Ginsberg's work remains a powerful reminder of the potential for good to triumph over evil, inspiring readers to join the fight against Moloch in all its forms.

References

Perloff, Marjorie. "The Poem That Changed America: 'Howl' Fifty Years Later."

Ginsberg, Allen. "Howl."

Various academic sources discussing Ginsberg's work and its implications.