The Role of Destiny in The Epic of Beowulf

In Beowulf, destiny is central to understanding who Beowulf is. Death, the fate of all men, is an unchangeable force controlled by fate and destiny, not a decision made by individuals. Just as God gave Samson his strength, Beowulf was said to be blessed by God with the arm strength of thirty men. Each person has unique attributes, and Beowulf chooses to face the dragon, fully aware that it will be his final battle. People may know their destiny and seek it out, even if it is undesirable. Like Jesus trusting God's decision regarding Judas, Beowulf understood that his final battle would be his last heroic act. Aware of his fate, he continued on, stating, “…’twill befall us as Fate decreeth.”

Free Will and Fate in Beowulf

Just as we have free will today, so did the Anglo-Saxons. They believed in their ability to shape their lives, yet fate was seen as divinely set and unchangeable. Beowulf was an agent of God, entrusted with superhuman strength to battle evil. He believed fate would guide him and that "fate saves the living when they drive away death by themselves." His loyalty to Higlac and Hrothgar, as well as his strength in defeating Grendel, demonstrate his alignment with fate. Similar to Jesus and his apostles, Beowulf continued along his destined path, even knowing that betrayal awaited him.

The Role of Fate in Beowulf’s Battles

William Cooke argues that fate’s hand is seen in events throughout the poem, including the treasure that lured the dragon to its resting place. Beowulf repeatedly tested fate in battles with sea monsters, Grendel, and Grendel’s mother. Each of these battles reflects the concept that fate is preordained. The idea that Grendel’s attack on the mead hall was predestined further reinforces this theme. In Beowulf, fate governs both good and evil, guiding the actions of both Beowulf and his enemies.

Fate’s Duality: Good and Evil

Beowulf’s life is driven by fate, which keeps him alive to fight evil forces. Fate also governs the fates of those he kills, such as Grendel and his mother. The sword that Beowulf uses to kill Grendel’s mother, found hanging on the wall, is imbued with divine power, suggesting that fate and divine intervention are intertwined. This raises questions about the role of fate in Beowulf’s life and whether it is truly fate or divine will that directs his actions.

Conclusion: Beowulf’s Final Destiny

Beowulf’s battle with the dragon serves as the ultimate example of fate’s power. Despite his loyal and peaceful rule, Beowulf cannot escape death, and his failure to name a successor leads to the downfall of the kingdom. The final reflection on fate emphasizes the inevitability of death: “It is always better to avenge dear ones than to indulge in mourning.”