Biblical Allusions in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a novel that transcends its gothic horror roots, delving deeply into profound questions of creation, morality, and the human condition. One of the most compelling aspects of the narrative is its rich tapestry of biblical allusions, which serve to underscore the thematic complexity of the story. Through these allusions, Shelley not only enriches the narrative but also invites readers to consider the ethical and spiritual dimensions of Victor Frankenstein's scientific endeavors and the tragic plight of his creation.

The Modern Prometheus and the Fall of Man

The subtitle of Shelley's novel, "The Modern Prometheus," immediately sets the stage for its engagement with myth and theology. Prometheus, a figure from Greek mythology, is often seen as a bringer of knowledge and enlightenment, but his story also carries connotations of defiance and suffering. This duality mirrors the biblical account of the Fall of Man in the Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve's transgression in seeking forbidden knowledge leads to their expulsion from paradise and the introduction of suffering into the world. Similarly, Victor's quest for forbidden scientific knowledge results in dire consequences for himself and those around him.

Victor Frankenstein's role as a creator parallels that of God in the Genesis narrative. However, unlike the benevolent and omnipotent deity, Victor is a flawed and ultimately irresponsible creator. His creation, often referred to as "the monster," evokes the figure of Adam, the first man created by God. Yet, unlike Adam, the creature is abandoned by its creator and left to navigate a hostile world alone. This abandonment can be seen as a perversion of the divine act of creation, highlighting the hubris and ethical failings of Victor's scientific pursuits.

The Creature as a Fallen Angel

The creature's own narrative, which unfolds in the middle of the novel, further deepens the biblical allusions. In a poignant passage, the creature compares himself to both Adam and Satan, the fallen angel from John Milton's "Paradise Lost." He laments his solitary existence and lack of companionship, much like Adam before the creation of Eve. However, his sense of abandonment and subsequent turn towards vengeance align him more closely with the figure of Satan.

Milton's Satan is a complex character, embodying both rebellion and profound suffering. The creature's identification with Satan underscores his tragic plight: he is not inherently evil, but he becomes malevolent as a result of his creator's neglect and society's rejection. This dual identification with Adam and Satan highlights the creature's internal conflict and his struggle to find his place in a world that shuns him. It also serves as a critique of Victor's failure to take responsibility for his creation, prompting readers to consider the ethical implications of unchecked scientific ambition.

The Quest for Redemption

The theme of redemption is also woven throughout the novel, often through biblical allusions. Both Victor and the creature seek redemption for their respective transgressions, though their paths are markedly different. Victor's obsessive pursuit of knowledge and his subsequent attempts to destroy the creature can be seen as a misguided quest for atonement. He believes that by eradicating his creation, he can undo the harm he has caused. However, his refusal to acknowledge his own culpability and his lack of compassion for the creature ultimately lead to his downfall.

In contrast, the creature's quest for redemption is marked by a poignant desire for acceptance and love. His initial attempts to integrate into human society are met with fear and violence, driving him towards vengeance. Yet, even in his darkest moments, the creature expresses a longing for connection and understanding. This duality reflects the biblical theme of redemption through suffering and underscores the novel's exploration of the human need for compassion and empathy.

Conclusion: The Ethical and Spiritual Dimensions of Creation

Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a richly layered narrative that engages deeply with biblical allusions to explore themes of creation, morality, and redemption. Through the parallel figures of Victor and the creature, Shelley examines the ethical and spiritual dimensions of scientific ambition and the consequences of playing God. The novel's allusions to the Fall of Man, the plight of the fallen angel, and the quest for redemption invite readers to reflect on the complexities of human nature and the responsibilities that come with creation.

In the end, "Frankenstein" serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked ambition and the importance of compassion and responsibility. Shelley's use of biblical allusions not only enriches the narrative but also provides a timeless commentary on the human condition, making "Frankenstein" a work that continues to resonate with readers today.