St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle’s Views on Happiness

Introduction

It is safe to say that happiness is probably one of the most sought-after goals that people from all around the globe pursue. The concept of happiness, however, is not the same for each individual. Even though happiness is a universal goal, each individual has their own view or understanding of it. Philosophers, in particular, have their own perceptions of happiness. This paper will discuss the understanding of happiness according to Aristotle and Saint Thomas Aquinas.

Aristotle’s Perspective on Happiness

Aristotle claims that humans can “only achieve happiness by using all their abilities and capabilities” (Aristotle, 67). He divided happiness into three forms. The first form of happiness is a “life of pleasure and enjoyment,” the second is life as a “free and responsible citizen,” and the third is a life as a “philosopher and thinker” (Aristotle, 67). Aristotle’s point of view on happiness is that every single form of happiness must be present at the same time for humans to find true happiness and fulfillment. Additionally, Aristotle advocated that in order for humans to achieve eternal happiness and harmony, they must “exercise balance and temperance.” Sophie’s World provides examples of such exercises: for instance, one must be neither cowardly nor rash, but courageous. The same applies to eating: it’s dangerous to eat too little as it is to overeat.

Michael W. Austin claims that Aristotle believes that happiness is not something that can be given or received, but rather something humans should attain by themselves. According to Austin, Aristotle also believes that “the life of virtue is crucial for human happiness. When we are just, kind, courageous, generous, and wise, we experience deep satisfaction and fulfillment that is available in no other way” (Austin).

Saint Thomas Aquinas’ Perspective on Happiness

Saint Thomas Aquinas’ perception and understanding of happiness differ significantly from Aristotle’s. St. Thomas Aquinas believes that “perfect happiness” is not possible to pursue and achieve in this lifetime. An organization named ‘Pursuit of Happiness’ claims that St. Aquinas was heavily influenced by St. Paul’s “assurance” in 1 Corinthians 13:12, which states, “For now we see as through a glass darkly, but then we shall see face to face.” They also claim that St. Aquinas believes that “perfect” happiness can only be achieved in the afterlife for those who possess true knowledge about God (Pursuit of Happiness). Furthermore, St. Aquinas suggests that true happiness can only be achieved and found in the knowledge and true acceptance of God. He stressed the difference between enjoyment and happiness, emphasizing that enjoyment is short-lived and false, but happiness is eternal and pure.

St. Aquinas also posited that earthly happiness is fleeting and subject to the imperfections of the human condition. He argued that while virtues and moral actions can bring about a certain level of happiness, they are ultimately incomplete without the divine grace and presence of God.

Conclusion

Both Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas offer profound insights into the nature of happiness. While Aristotle emphasizes the importance of virtue and personal effort in achieving happiness, St. Aquinas highlights the spiritual dimension, suggesting that ultimate happiness lies beyond this life. Their differing views reflect the complexity of the human pursuit of happiness and provide valuable perspectives on how individuals can strive for fulfillment and contentment in their lives.