Electrification of Honda Insight Using Ultracapacitor

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF SUPERCAPACITOR:

Source of energy and environmental issues are the reason for development of renewable energy storage system. One of the them is supercapacitors called as ultra-capacitor and electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC). Supercapacitor store energy in the form of electric field, which is create between two conducting plates and finished more charging- discharging cycle than any other batteries because there is no chemical reaction between two plates.

STRUCTURE OF SUPERCAPACITOR:

Supercapacitors include of two porous electrodes, electrolyte, a separator and current collectors.

CURRENT COLLECTOR:

Current collectors are made up of metallic foil commonly of aluminum as it's miles less expensive than titanium, platinum and so forth. They are coated with the electrode material.

ELECTROES:

The capacitance value is proportional to the floor AREA of the electrode. Generally, as an electrode material, exceedingly porous powdered covered energetic carbon fabric or carbon nanotubes are used. The porous nature of the material lets in many greater fee vendors (ions or radicals from electrolyte) to be stored in given quantity. This will increase the capacitance value of supercapacitors. The electrodes are lined on a current collector and immersed in an electrolyte.

ELECTROLYTE:

The electrolyte is the key thing in figuring out the internal resistance (ESR). The electrolyte solution will be both aqueous or non-aqueous in nature. The non-aqueous electrolytes are normally preferred as they offer excessive terminal voltage V. Non-aqueous solution includes conductive salts dissolved in solvents. Acetonitrile or propylene carbonate as solvents preferred ordinarily. Tetraalkylammonium or lithium ions can be used as solutes.

SEPRATOR:

The separator is between electrodes and it is made of material that is transparent to ions however is an insulator for direct touch among porous electrodes to keep away from short circuit.

The structure of supercapacitor is specific and for this reason it differs from traditional batteries and capacitors. Use of activated carbon will increase floor place and for this reason increase in capacitance fee. Electrolyte with low internal resistance increases power density. These each collectively brings potential in supercapacitors to keep and release energy hastily. The power [W] of supercapacitor is given through,

P= V2/4R

Where, V [Volts] is the operating voltage and R [Ω] is inner resistance.

ENERGY STORAGE IN SUPERCAPACITOR:

After the voltage is applied, charging starts. It means the electric field starts developing.

SUPERCAPACITOR CHARGING PROCESS:

On applying voltage, each collector attracts ions of opposite price. Ions from electrolyte get amassed at the surface of the two current collectors. A charge is built on every current collector.

separate layers of charge had been shaped, therefore supercapacitor is likewise referred to as an Electrical Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC).

SUPERCAPACITOR DISCHARGING PROCESS:

Ions are no longer strongly drawn to current collectors. Ions get allotted through the electrolyte. Charge on both current collector decreases.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

The PHEV configuration method is splits into three steps. Outline destinations provide contribution to the design trade off area. The outcomes of the design trade-offs are the characteristics of the design.

Despite the truth that diverse define technique can be completed for advancing future automobiles but plug in hydro electric innovation for vehicles has regarded to be one of the cleanest and environments friendly strategies. Well beyond this, the simplicity of this design makes it upkeep free, reasonable and is satisfies multiple circle of relative’s necessities.

Some well-known technologies are as follows:

• Steam engines for locomotives & cars: a traditional technology

• Hybrid vehicles: without any plug-in function along with electric motors

• Combination of solar powered and Hybrid automobiles

• Combination of wind and hybrid systems for cars: Still in early stages of studies and isn't yet being commercialized.

DESIGN TOPOLOGY:

This segment discusses the primary design considerations that need to be taken into consideration within the design of ultracapacitor topologies.

VOLTAGE STRETEGY:

In designing a UC PHEV, the choice of the voltage method is strongly related to the traits of the battery and UCs used. Higher voltage potential for the energy storage device affords a higher demand for the cell balancing circuit. This is because cell imbalances develop exponentially with the wide variety of cells in series. One method to lessen balancing desires is to apply cells with lower performance variations (capacity, inner resistance, and self- discharge rate). Depending at the traits of the battery and UC cells, a voltage trade off among the storage elements needs to be made. It should be cited that during maximum cases, UCs are less complicated to balance with lower cost.

EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF STORED ENERGY:

In battery system, the energy delivered isn't always a feature of voltage, however in HESS energy delivered is a function of voltage due to the fact UC obeys law of general capacitors

ECap = (1/2) CV2

Voltage of the UC desires to be discharged to half of the initial voltage with a view to deliver 75% of the electricity saved. The capacity to use the UC power storage successfully is a primary criterion in evaluating HESS configurations. If the UC is hooked up to the dc bus through a dc/dc converter (VUC Pdmd, the voltage of the UC VUC may be maintained higher than the voltage of the battery VBatt; the dc-link voltage VDC can also be maintained at any price higher than the battery voltage. In the steady speed mode, the UC is neither soaking up nor supplying energy to the electrical motor. Since the UC voltage is higher than that of the battery, the principle power diode is reversely biased. There is not any energy flow thru the diode. The battery isn't always supplying any electricity directly to the motor inverter.

MODE:II VEHICLE HIGH CONSTANT SPEED OPERATION

In higher speed constant operating mode, Pdmd >Pconv, VUC can not be maintained voltage better than VBatt. Therefore, the principle power diode is forward biased. The battery is offering energy directly to the motor inverter. In this mode, the dc/dc converter will be turned OFF.