Sexually Transmitted Infections (sti)

Candida or aerobic bacteria organisms like E. coli, staphylococcus aureus, and β- haemolytic streptococcus usually are the cause of vaginal discharge in women. Sexually transmitted infections (STI), bacterial vaginosis (BV), aerobic vaginitis and candidiasis are the infections of urogenital tract that affect women’s sexual health and they seen in women of reproductive age who complain vaginal discharge. Sexually transmitted diseases in women usually occur due to a sexually transmitted organism into the vagina during the sexual activity especially in developing countries, WHO formed that 75% to 80% of all new cases of sexually transmitted diseases are in developing countries .The most common organisms are gonorrhea, Chlamydia, syphilis and tricomoniasis.

Bacterial vaginosis occur due to alteration of normal vaginal for a lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic polymicrobial bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis accounts for the most common form of vaginal infection in their reproductive age. The common organisms that cause it are Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and anaerobic bacteria such as Peptostretococci, Prevotella spp, and Mobiluncus spp. In aerobic vaginitis the vagina is invaded by aerobic organisms, such as E coli, Group B streptococci and the bacteria flora lacto bacillus is depleted as in bacterial vaginosis. It is presented as red and inflamed vagina, yellowish vaginal discharge with burning sensation and dyspareunia. It is common in in pregnancy complications, preterm delivery, preterm rupture of membrane and ascending chorioamnionitis.

The fungal infection which affect the genital tract is the Candidiasis. The most common organism which causes 80% of vaginal yeast infections is Candida albicans. It is the most common cause of vaginal discharge outside the Sexually transmitted diseases and bacterial vaginosis. The vaginal pathogens detection in women who come in with complaints related to the reproductive tract is an important issue; which will help in the adequate surveillance of reproductive tract infections and infection control to prevent bad sequences.

In a retrospective study of HVS culture and antimicrobial sensitivity of women who attended the Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital, Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, in Ghana from 2010 to 2102. The participant number was 3783.It show that 39.2% yielded no pathogen from culture. In all ages Candida was the predominant pathogen (36.2%) followed by aerobic bacteria; Escherichia coli was the most common bacteria noted (29.9%) followed by staph aureus, and morganella morgani as the least identified one (0.2%). The participants was grouped according to their age , the adult women show the most positive cultures while children and elderly are the least due to low estrogen levels. The study also showed percentage sensitivity of bacteria isolates to various antibiotics. The highest percentage antibiotic sensitivity for most organisms cultured is Cephalosporins (i.e. Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime Ceftriazone), Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, both third generation cephalosporins were more effective than Cefuroxime, a second generation cephalosporin. The least percentage sensitivity are Tetracycline and Penilicilin due to resistance caused by overprescription and misuse.