The Causes, Course, and Effects of The War of 1812

Introduction:

The War of 1812, also known as the Second War of Independence, erupted between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. This three-year conflict was fueled by American grievances over trade issues, the impressment of American sailors, and British support of Indian attacks against Native Americans. While neither side gained a decisive advantage, the war had a significant impact on both nations. This essay will examine the causes, course, and effects of the War of 1812, demonstrating the complex factors that led to its outbreak and the consequences that followed.

Causes of the War of 1812:

The War of 1812 was instigated by a group of young American politicians known as war hawks, led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun. These individuals advocated for war due to British violations of international laws, disrespect towards America, and the kidnapping of American sailors. British seizures of American ships disrupted trade and demonstrated a lack of regard for American sovereignty. The infamous Chesapeake Affair of 1807, in which British soldiers boarded an American ship and killed innocent Americans, further fueled American anger. Additionally, the American policy of neutrality in the face of the ongoing war between France and Britain allowed the British to take advantage of American trading activities. The British responded by seizing American ships and capturing American sailors.

Course of the War:

The War of 1812 unfolded during the presidency of James Madison, who declared war against Britain following clashes between American and British forces. The conflict was further exacerbated by British support of Native American tribes hostile to American expansion. These tribes fought against American troops, weakening American power and providing a safe haven for British residents in North America. The close association between the British and the Indians intensified American anger, ultimately leading to the outbreak of the war. Despite the initial enthusiasm of the war hawks, neither the British nor the Americans gained a decisive advantage throughout the course of the war.

Effects of the War of 1812:

The Treaty of Ghent, signed in December 1814, played a significant role in ending the War of 1812. Although it did not address the causes of the war, the treaty facilitated the return of conquered territories and the restoration of American lands and ships captured by the British. Moreover, the treaty compelled the British to promise the return of captured slaves. The Battle of New Orleans, led by Andrew Jackson in 1815, showcased the resilience and determination of American volunteers. Despite being outnumbered and ill-equipped, Jackson's forces triumphed over the well-trained British soldiers, highlighting the significance of his leadership and the nationalist spirit of the American troops.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the War of 1812 was a result of tensions between the British and the Americans, primarily stemming from British disregard for American neutrality. The war, lasting three years, negatively impacted American trade and resulted in the loss of numerous lives. However, the efforts of the war hawks and the leadership of Andrew Jackson played a crucial role in the successful outcome of the American troops against the British. The War of 1812 serves as a reminder of the complex factors that can lead to military conflicts and the lasting effects they can have on nations.

Works Cited:

1. Auchinleck, Gilbert. A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America: During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814. New York: Maclear & Company, 1855. Print.
2. Cullum, George. Campaigns of the War of 1812-15, Against Great Britain – Sketched and Criticised – With Brief Biographies of the American Engineers. New York: Symonds Press, 2010. Print.
3. Hannay, James. History of the War of 1812 Between Great Britain and the United States of America. New York: HardPress, 2012. Print.
4. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812. New York: Echo Library, 2007. Print.