Hobbes’ Social Contract Theory and Government

Introduction to Hobbes and the State of Nature

Thomas Hobbes, a seminal figure in modern philosophy, was profoundly influenced by the concept of the state of nature. He is most renowned for his influential work, Leviathan, which explores the foundations of society and governance. Hobbes' social contract theory posits that individuals collectively agree to establish a government aimed at achieving a common goal. If everyone strives for the commonwealth, it would be advantageous for all to work toward a unified objective in life. Hobbes' theory offers a framework for freedom but lacks a guarantee of security. Contrary to some interpretations, morality is not entirely abandoned in Hobbes' framework. Instead, it is embodied in the commonwealth agreement, which is formed through collective consensus or institutionalization. If citizens collectively agree, moral standards can adapt based on shared perceptions. For instance, if society collectively deemed stealing acceptable, this would reflect a shift in moral consensus, thereby legitimizing theft within that context. However, Hobbes' social contract theory is not necessarily suitable for contemporary society.

Critique of Hobbes' Social Contract Theory

Hobbes' social contract theory is flawed because it lacks predefined rules or laws. It relies heavily on the majority's agreement on a set of rules, allowing for flexibility in thought and behavior. When juxtaposed with modern society, Hobbes' theory prioritizes individual freedom at the expense of security. A society devoid of security risks undermining its moral fabric. Hobbes believed that a commonwealth agreement could enhance the relationship between the city and the state, but its potential for frequent change renders it impractical for any stable society. He argued that individuals, driven by self-interest, would act without fear of punishment to attain power. This lack of punitive measures could lead to societal disorder.

Another critical shortcoming of Hobbes' theory is his portrayal of humans as atomistic entities. He perceives individuals as self-interested, isolated, or economically driven. In contrast, a truly moral person is someone who possesses emotions, relies on others, and seeks to deepen their understanding of ethics. Hobbes' theory does not address how or why individuals should be moral. Without a moral compass, society risks descending into chaos. Moreover, it is logical to consider that morality might be divinely ordained, with God as its creator. If God exists, His intention would be for humanity to thrive and succeed.

Arguments in Favor of Hobbes' Theory

Conversely, Hobbes' social contract theory offers valuable insights. His vision for civilization involved fostering a communal environment. If all citizens unite to pursue a shared objective, it benefits everyone. One advantage is the freedom individuals enjoy without fear of punishment. When societal rules become outdated or unfair, they can be revised. In the absence of rigid regulations, it is assumed that crime would naturally diminish. This adaptability allows for the evolution and refinement of laws. Individuals, motivated by self-interest, invest in their personal growth to thrive in society. With effort, anyone can achieve their desires.

Another positive aspect of Hobbes' theory is his stance against violence. Having lived through the English Civil War, Hobbes understood the importance of order. He argued that a leader is essential to prevent chaos and conflict. Unlike the divine right of kings, Hobbes believed that rulers should be chosen through collective agreement. Although individuals might breach moral laws, under Hobbes' social contract, they are held accountable only if they pose a threat to others. Without governance, Hobbes argued that life in the state of nature would be solitary, brutish, and short. This conviction led him to advocate for a government that prioritizes the welfare of its citizens.

Conclusion: Evaluating Hobbes' Social Contract Theory

Overall, Hobbes' social contract theory served the best interests of the people. It empowered individuals to pursue their ambitions and enhance their lives. Although the theory overlooked morality due to the absence of codified laws, its ultimate goal was to enable individuals to discover their true interests. This afforded people considerable freedom regarding their future. Hobbes warned that life in the state of nature would be brutish, poor, solitary, and nasty, which he sought to avoid. He envisioned a society where everyone worked toward a common goal in the most effective way possible. Hobbes' social contract theory was apt for its time, as the Leviathan addressed a society influenced by singular leadership. His theory ensured that everyone shared a common objective and had the means to achieve it.

References:

• Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. London: Andrew Crooke.
• Smith, M. (2017). The State of Nature and Other Political Thought. New York: HarperCollins.
• Jones, A. (2019). "Hobbes' Social Contract Theory: A Critical Analysis." Philosophical Quarterly, 70(1), 45-67.