Essays on Theory

While the effect appears impossible at first sight, it has been seen in numerous experiments, was reported on by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and Descartes, and has been well-known as folklore around the world. It has a rich and fascinating history, which culminates in the dramatic...

In terms of the physiological or biological study of facial expressions, many scientists and researchers agree that ‘Facial expressions involve contractions of single muscles and muscle groups, caused by messages from motor cortex & subcortical regions’. However, in terms of forming a consensus regarding the...

Panspermia has its roots in Greek. The word means "seeds everywhere". The Panspermia theory proposes that the "seeds" of life exist all over the Universe and can be propagated through space, from one star system to another. Some believe that life on Earth may have...

Social process theories view irregular and unlawful behaviors as a developing tool cultivated through societal interaction. Social development theories view deviant and criminal behaviors as part of a maturational process. The process involves numerous viewpoints including biological, psychological, and social that all occur simultaneously as...

Scientific Management theory is the theory that you need to give workers an incentive to work harder and to produce greater results by observing their work methods over a period and then show them better and more effective ways of working or completing a task....

According to Sergio Rattner, Lean enterprise institute (2006) as stated by Eliyahu M. Goldratt, a constraint is any factor that limits the organizations from getting more of whatever its strives for, which is usually profit. This theory states that every organization must have a constraint(s)...

Comments on Kahneman and Tversky The paper “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk” by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presents a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk and develop an alternative model, which called the...

Modern portfolio theory is a hypothesis started by Harry Markowitz and written in the financial journal in the year 1952. It is an investment theory which lays its basis on the suggestion that business owners can build portfolios to make maximum utilization of expected profits...

The democratic peace theory postulates that liberal democracies are hesitant and unlikely to engage in armed conflict with other democracies. This idea dates back centuries to German philosopher Immanuel Kant and other 18th-century Enlightenment thinkers. By examining the political similarities, economic system, geographical location, and...

In this assignment, I will focus on different objectives that a business may have, including whether profit maximisation is always the objective of a firm. I will take into account alternative aims a business may have depending on a range of factors and responsibilities.Profit maximisation...

Dr Geert Hofstede, after a decade of research, studying people who worked in IBM in more than 50 countries, initially identified the four dimensions model that could distinguish one culture from another on 1970s. The first one is Power Distance. It refers to the social...

This report aims to explore different ways in which motivation levels and moral amongst managers, admins and staff can be increased; it will explore different ways to improve the emotional state of the workforce and to decrease staff sickness. Motivation has been defined as the...

The principle of Falsifiability with term ’Falsification’ is introduced by Popper which is a theory is disproved be empirical observations that contradict the implications of that theory. This theory came out to refute the logical positivism’s induction method. For example, a given statement ’ All...

One of the main objectives of mainstream development theory is to identify the reasons why certain countries are significantly less developed than others and come up with strategies to overcome any obstacles keeping them from developing. Caporaso (1980) observed that most development theories have failed...

The Hofstede dimensions which differ the most between the United States and India are power distance, individualism, long-term orientation, and indulgence. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is...

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries represented a period in which radical changes took place in society. John Locke’s theory of tabula rasa described how the “mind was like a blank sheet of paper upon which ideas are imprinted” . In short, his theory rationalized that...

In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioral scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of “Satisfaction” is “No...

This is a very important topic up for debate since it relates to carbon dioxide emissions and climate change, a massive part of our environment in today’s 21st century. I feel that using Olson’s theory of Collective Action, we learn a lot about how policy...

Applied Theory The key elements of Netflix’s strategy today are producing their own content to reduce content costs, increasing the number of high quality TV series’, make deals with Comcast and other ISPs to develop high speed internet service to its consumers and Netflix is...

Dr. Barbara LoFrisco, a professor at the University of South Florida, once said, “If you understand why something is important, not only will you be more motivated to understand it, but you will also be able to put your new knowledge into proper context” (LoFrisco,...

According to a study known as “Cognitive Processing” conducted by Ulrike Willinger, a neurologists at the University of Vienna, it was found that those who appreciated dark humour were among those with high amounts of intelligence as well as having the greatest emotional stability. With...

The consequence decided the action of the person. The actions are justifiable based on the results of that action (Gregory, S. 2018). The more good consequence can an act produce the better it is. As mentioned, I was put under huge pressure to focus towards...

In the book called Critical Theory Today, written by Lois Tyson, she talks about many different theories. When Tyson says “Knowledge is what constitutes our relationship to our world for it is the lens through which we view our world. Change the lens and you...

General Overview on Marxism Marxism in general is a system of thought by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg, György Lukác, close friends of Marx, and others have developed this belief system and tried to keep it alive with continuity. Those...

Scientific theory is an observed and tested phenomenon, governed by a set of rules, facts and well sustainable explanation. However, this differs from how we normally think of a theory because a theory is basically formed from a hypothesis attempting to relate facts to each...

The Agency Theory is a standout amongst the most essential improvements in microeconomics in the previous 20 years. It has application to bookkeeping, mechanical association, and work financial matters, and it has turned into the premise of the monetary model of remuneration. Organization ponders motivating...

In the process of knowledge acquisition, knowers often follow an overall framework that can be used to obtain incontrovertible facts. While it may seem that ambiguity in knowledge is undesirable, it is certainly ubiquitous. This begs the questions: why does ambiguity arise and, ultimately, how...

I will start this section with a short definition of motivation. There exist many definitions of motivation in the literature review. I like the following: “most would agree that motivation requires a desire to act, an ability to act, and having an objective.” (Ramlall, 2004)....

In this paper, I shall examine three major characteristics of the current dominant economic theory and discuss what I have counted to be its three major assumptions. This theory can nowadays be understood in neoclassical [or neoliberal] economic terms. It is a tridimensional-based theory: people’s...

Most of the tangible items, theories, etc. they can be understood by a theory orbe predicted. International politics helps us predict the next move of a state, or even explain the reasoning behind a state’s action. By looking at international systems we can tend to...