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Nervous tissue is a vital part of our nervous system. Without the nervous system, humans would not be able to function. Nervous tissue is composed of cells called neurons, which allow the body to convey messages through electrical nerve impulses. Neurons help us make sense...
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The Nervous system is composed of two parts which then branches into more divisions, the central and the peripheral. Getting deeper into it the peripheral is then divided into two as well. The sensory division, in control of the senses and the motor division, in...
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Animal behavior Animal Behavior is the scientific study of the wild and wonderful ways in which animals interact with each other, with other living beings, and with the environment. It explores how animals relate to their physical environment as well as to other organisms, and...
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Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. It develops slowly, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in...
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The term Sciatica is described as a pain going through the distribution of sciatic nerve, commonly known as a symptom of spinal disorder and not a spinal disorder itself. Symptoms of sciatica includes pain from sciatic nerve compression which may feel dull, sharp, tingling, numbness,...
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The endocrine and nervous systems have common functions such as internal communication and regulating functions of the body. The two systems are capable of slow and fast reactions to stimulus. The nervous system sends electrical impulses to each portion of the body to regulate bodily...
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Two or three meningeal sinuses may join to form a vestibule just before reaching the superior sagittal sinus. There is a tendency for the veins draining the lateral surface of the anterior frontal and posterior parietal regions to join the meningeal sinus in the dura...
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Moebius syndrome is a rare birth defect which is caused by the absence or underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves. These cranial nerves are primarily responsible for eye movements and facial expressions. Moebius syndrome can also affect other cranial nerves, such as the...
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Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming more prominent in today’s world. Be it due to life style changes or due to inheritance… the number of cases in this domain of medicine are on constant rise. The most prevalent of them are Alzheimer’s dementia and Huntington’s Chorea...
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Disorders and Routine Care: The Cardiovascular System – Coronary Heart Disease Effects: The organ of the heart is the main function within the cardiovascular system. When the heart developed the coronary heart disease (ischaemic heart disease) due to health issues formed by lifestyles such as...
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) or connectionist systems are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. Such systems learn (progressively improve performance on) tasks by considering examples, generally without task-specific programming. For example, in image recognition, they might learn to identify...
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The human brain is a magnificent system in the human body. It is the most complex, complicated, yet outstanding brilliant organ in the human body. Eric Kandel once said, “The brain is complex biological organ of great computational capability that constructs our sensory experiences, regulates...
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Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio “passage, crossing” from transmittere “send, let through”), also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors on the dendrites...
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Nerve cells also are known as neurons transmit and receive electro nerve impulses. They can be found all over the body and are connected all over the body, but can mostly be found near around the Central Nervous System. They are connected to other neurons...
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The idea of a “hormone” was not well-received by the scientific community, and it was a difficult concept to portray, as scientists had not been familiar with the idea of chemical messengers influencing the actions of cells in the body. Many scientists, such as Arnold...
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A neural network is a system of hardware and/or software patterned same as the operation of neurons in the human brain. Neural networks are also called artificial neural networks. It is a type of deep learning technologies. A neural network usually includes a large number...
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Active contours or snakes are computer-generated curves that move within images to find object boundaries. They are often used in computer vision and image analysis to detect and locate objects, and to describe their shape. For example, a snake might be used edge detection, corner...
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The article stated that when it comes to long-term memory formation, it is accepted that it is formed by the strength of the synapse (space between two neurons). Neurons are the cells in our brain which retrieve and send information throughout our body. There is...
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“ Motor control requires the integration of sensory information which are relayed as action potential’s down the neural pathways by receptors such as mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors. The sensory systems are used for vision, touch, hearing, proprioception, smell and taste, while receptors are used to detect...
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A group of researchers discovered a way to detect fasciculation in muscles, which serves to detect early signs of motor neuron disease (MND). The article, Ultrasound-Based Detection of Fasciculations in Healthy and Diseased Muscles, were published by IEEE Xplore. This article was peer reviewed and...
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“Terrorism is a psychological warfare. Terrorists try to manipulate us and change our behavior by creating fear, uncertainty, and division in society. ” (Patrick J Kennedy) Narcolepsy shares several characteristics with terrorism. For example, some narcoleptic people have fear and uncertainty if they can make...
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“ We can think of our brain as a complicated electric circuit consisting of billions of neurons and trillions of synapse (gap between one neuron and the other). Each and every neuron can be considered as a component of this complex circuit. An interesting fact...
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Mirror neurons are neurons located in the brain. They allow one to mirror another’s behaviour as though the observer washimself (or herself). Mirror neurons are not form-sensitive and have been directly observed in primate species.They fire when an animal acts or when the animal observes...
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The central nervous system contains both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Myelination greatly increases the velocity of action potential propagation and is associated with Hebbian learning. It acts by essentially insulating the axons that it ensheaths allowing salutatory conduction to occur. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that...
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The Nervous system helps us control our body and works well with other systems. Some examples would be the Muscle system and the Endocrine system! Therefore, the Nervous system uses the help of these systems to gather and send information throughout the body. The Nervous...
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Introduction Spiking neural network is considered one of the best neural networks nowadays with its computational model aims to understand and replicate human abilities. Replicating a special class of artificial neural network where neuron models communicate by sequences of spikes, the researcher believe that this...
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Normal CNS Structure The skull is divided into the viscerocranium which is the facial skeleton and the neurocranium which surrounds the brain and brainstem. The neurocranium is composed of 8 cranial bones; 1 ethmoid, 1 sphenoid, 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, their...
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Post-micturition convulsion syndrome sometimes called pee shudder or pee shiver is the involuntarily shiver that happens to some of us, especially men when we void a large amount of urine. This has affected most of us, especially the men but well it’s not something dangerous...
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Since time immemorial, animals have been seeking rewarding stimuli as it results into pleasurable sensations. In the animal kingdom, the search for rewards, such as water, food and sex amongst others, is tightly linked to survival of an individual and of the species as a...
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The most notable risk factor for the development of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is immunodeficiency [1-7]. PCNSL was historically treated with cranial irradiation, i.e., whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). WBRT may become complicated by the development of chronic and late neurotoxicity. In order to avoid...