“Process during which large member if small molecules are combine to form macro molecules is called polymerization. Small molecules are called monomers and large molecules are called polymers”. Polymerization are divide into two types. Addition polymerization. Condensation polymerization. Process during which large number of small...
The first step in diagnosing a disease is observe signs and special symptoms of this disease symptoms of HL include: High fever Night sweats Persistent fatigue Severe itching Loss of weight without clear explanation(10% of body weight ) Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the...
Many illnesses are hereditary; for instance, Huntington’s and Cystic Fibrosis. Other illnesses affected by genes, such as diabetes and cancer. Many advancements make it workable for a solution to target such hereditarily related infections at the sub-atomic levels, and along these lines offer the possibilities...
Liposomes serve to administer nutrients straight inside the cells. Vitamins and minerals are condensed inside tiny lipid bubbles, named liposomes. Liposomes are bilayer/double-layer bubbles filled with liquid, and constituted using phospholipids. Over 5 decades ago, researchers first learnt that these bubbles could be packed with...
Bladder Cancer that is in an early stage of growth may not produce any noticeable signs or symptoms. The most common sign of BC is hematuria (bloody urine; urine that appears bright red or rusty) usually is painless and may appear only from time to...
Nerve cells also are known as neurons transmit and receive electro nerve impulses. They can be found all over the body and are connected all over the body, but can mostly be found near around the Central Nervous System. They are connected to other neurons...
Functional RNAs are produced through modification of pre-RNA produced from transcription process except bacterial mRNAs which are as such used for protein synthesis without any modification. These series of modification involving removal of introns by splicing are known as processing of RNA. Processing of rRNA...
In the first experiment, our results supported the hypothesis that T. zuluensis reacts differently on exposure of light. However, it did not grow best in the darkness. The growth of pathogen was significantly different under different volumes of light and dark incubation. The growth under...
Introduction Anatomical variations in the nose and paranasal sinus region are common. local anatomic variations including deviated nasal septum, Concha bullosa, paradoxical middle turbinate,uncinate deviation,agger nasi and others may be the source of middle meatal obstruction and subsequent rhinosinusitis. Related research Deviated nasal septum Deviated...
The microtubule cytoskeleton also participates in the maintenance of epithelial planar polarity by modulating mitotic spindle orientation. The organization of epithelial cells to form hollow organs with a single lumen entails that each cell divides symmetrically within the epithelial plane, so that both resulting daughter...
As human beings, our body faces modifications and variations all the time due to fluctuations in both our external and internal environments. Therefore, there is a constant need for adaptation to these changes in order to keep cells alive and the entirety of our body...
The famous scientist William J. Mayo (1928) once said “The aim of medicine is to prevent disease and prolong life, the ideal of medicine is to eliminate the need of a physician. ” With the the help of technologies available and being developed today we...
The apoplastic pathway or also knowned as a non-living pathways provides a direction toward the vascular stele through free spaces and cell walls of the epidermis and cortex. In addition,the apoplastic route allows direct access to the xylem and phloem along the margins of secondary...
A collection of cells performing a specific function is called tissue. Plant tissues can be grouped into plant tissue systems each performing specialized functions. A plant tissue system is defined as a functional unit, connecting all organs of a plant. Plant tissue system is also...
A cell’s ability to respond to its environment is essential to its survival. Short term-responses to environmental stimuli, which can occur rapidly and are usually reversible, most often result from modification of existing proteins. The long-term response, are usually the result of changes in the...
Introduction In the early years of scientific investigations in the field of heredity, the methods used to obtain data were considered genetical but once the physical basis of genetic conditions were recognized several studies were performed using methods of both cytology and genetics, using the...
Let’s see in detail how this two cellular division differs from each other: Cell division: Mitosis involves only one division that takes place in the telophase phase, while in Meiosis the division occur twice the time and it takes place in Telophase I and Telophase...
Altered expression of glycans on the cell surface can act as markers of various diseases including cancer and AIDS. Identification of these altered glycans can be easily achieved by using glycan binding proteins, specifically antibodies and lectins. Therefore, it is always important to identify and...
More than 90% of of cancer related mortality is caused by metastasis. To develop new therapeutic strategies it is vital to understand the initiation and progression of metastasis. To identify and isolate metastasis initiating tumour-cells scientists developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based array. There are...
Salmonella bacteria is a rod-shape motile bacterium. Its structure contains: Flagellum tail-like structure that allows the bacteria to swim/move around in liquid environment by moving the tail in wave motion. Cell wall that allows the bacteria to keep its shape rounded tube shape. DNA contains...
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor C/EBPa, required for the in vivo transition of common myeloid progenitor-to-GM progenitor. Myelomonocyte cell-type features are educed by the ectopic expression of C/EBPa in primary bone marrow cells, lymphocytes or in fibroblasts, where C/EBPa function along with PU.1, as...
Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular diagnostic technique that allows visualization of definite chromosome nucleic acid sequences within a cellular preparation.it involves use of precise annealing of fluorescence labeled DNA probe to complementary targeted sequences. Thus, the genes/sequence of interest could be observed visually...
“ The cell cycle is the process in which a cell goes through leading to the duplication of its DNA and division to produce two daughter cells. It follows a cyclical structure that includes interphase and mitosis. The interphase is composed of three sub sets,...
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Presently, various cytologic diagnostic techniques are being used in the evaluation of suspected lung neoplasms. Though the initial diagnosis of malignancy can be made based on clinico-radiological grounds, but the definitive diagnosis needs cytological or histopathological...
MHC class I molecules present peptides which bind to the T cell receptors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These are found on the cell surface of almost all nucleated cells in the body which enable the T cells to distinguish between “self” and foreign antigens. This...
Although the XXY karyotype has been associated with some forms of crime (Stockholm et al., 2012) most studies have focused instead on individuals who have the XYY or “supermale” mutation, in which males have an extra Y chromosome. In turn males will possess 47 chromosomes...
“ Before delving into the adverse effects of changes of pH in our body it’s important to understand what pH is. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration or how acidic or alkaline a substance is on a scale ranging from 1 to 14....
Stem cells. What is it? What does it do? Where does it come from? All these questions and more will be answered soon enough. Stem cells are undifferentiated, or cells that are so new and have yet to be signed a role of what to...
The term “polymer” is composed of two words, (polus, meaning “many, much”) and (meros, meaning “parts”), and refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass. The units that make up these...
Introduction: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are a well-known broad group of membrane receptors which are among the most significant therapeutic targets. Activation of GPCRs by extracellular stimuli, initiates the signal transduction that eventually leads to the response. Crystal structure of GPCRs by crystallization protocol is...
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