Essays on Microbiology

New research is spurring exciting developments showing the presence of trillions of bacteria that survive inside our body and how this bacterium affects our genes. Science is driving us all nuts with such mind blowing yet fascinating information regarding new developments. We have always known...

Imagine a world without medicine. Those who became ill were given days to live until the disease completely overtook their bodies. Their organs began to shut down, eventually killing the person suffering from this disease. This was the world before the year 1860. People were...

Born in Dole, France, on the 28th day of September 1822, Louis Pasteur would become a chemist who helps to develop methods of sterilizing and safe-proofing many of the things we take for granted today. Before he was a renown chemist, he went through high-school...

The microtubule cytoskeleton also participates in the maintenance of epithelial planar polarity by modulating mitotic spindle orientation. The organization of epithelial cells to form hollow organs with a single lumen entails that each cell divides symmetrically within the epithelial plane, so that both resulting daughter...

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) is a major energy currency of cells and is involved in multiple cellular processes. Monitoring the hydrolytic activity of ATP in cells would be beneficial to understand ATP consuming cellular processes and help in elucidating the mode of action and regulation of...

A Genetically Modified (GM) or transgenic crop is a plant whose DNA has been altered or modified using genetic engineering with the aim of introducing a desired trait to the plant which doesn’t exist naturally in the plant species. The characteristics of a living organism...

Soil sampling will be done from different districts of Punjab and from sites which will be following one of the following cropping rotations namely Wheat-Groundnut, Wheat-Rice, Wheat-cotton, Wheat-Gram and mix cropping system. Analysis will be done at PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. Texture To 40...

Microorganisms make up a large part of the planet’s living material and play a major role in maintaining the Earth’s ecosystem. Microorganisms are the tiny organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eyes. They are microscopic and are usually known for producing diseases to...

The arrangement of the dermal micro flora varies from site to site according to the atmosphere of the microenvironment. A different bacterial flora illustrates each of three regions of skin: Axilla, perineum, and toe webs, Hand, face and trunk, Upper arms and legs Skin sites...

Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold into three-dimensional shapes. The shape of the protein is very important to its function and the three-dimensional structure is specified by an amino acid sequence. Protein structure has 4 levels of organisation known as primary, secondary, tertiary...

Information about the root dentin micro-hardness of endodontically treated teeth is scarce. This study is one of the few studies that examines the effect of endodontic materials on root dentin micro-hardness. In the present study, the ability of the Knoop micro-hardness test to detect surface...

Physiology of diapause in insects: These physiological mechanisms are for governing energetics of diapause. Diapause is a period of inactivity so internal physiology plays an important role during this phase. Organisms become dormant and have to survive without eating for longer period of time because...

There’s different types of movements which go across the cell membrane. One of the transport is a passive transport which is movements across the cell membrane this doesn’t require any energy which is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane. There are 3 different main roles...

Microbes or these tiny creatures have an extensive impact in the surroundings and also in our everyday lives, because they can step by step alter our biotic system, cause different diseases in the plants, creatures, or people or they might be utilized for the generation...

According to Gunter Blobel, a biologist and Noble Prize winner, states ‘With a basic electron microscope one is revealed the complex universe of the cell, the basic unit of life.’ Microscopes were designed to magnify structures and small objects by which could not be done...

Salmonella spp The immune system is constructed to defeat any bacteria that can be a threat to body. However, salmonella knows when it enters the body of the host and it can change its behaviour to deal with our immune system and to cause infection...

Louis Pasteur is the most influential in terms of comprehension of disease of the entire time frame as he is truly a giant in medicine. He was born on December 27, 1822, and he would die on September 28 1895. He was a revolutionary chemist...

Mycoflora is a group of fungus which is the main issue of world in different grains and seeds of plants especially in wheat. It occurs in different stages from harvesting to the storage especially in storage this cause serious problems in germination and also it...

There are different cells, but there are 2 cells that you have to focus on: the plant’s cell and animal’s cell. We can compare and contrast the 2 cells. So first you got the plant cells. They are eukaryotic cells of eukaryotic organism. These distinctive...

Introduction People in today’s society are very quick to do things, without realizing all the different kinds of consequences their actions bring. Whether it’s buying a car, having a drink, or having an entire meal from McDonald’s. Along with that, people are also very quick...

Bacterial biofilm are communities of microorganisms which are attached to a surface and its formation is critical not only for environmental survival but also for successful infection. Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most frequently occurring community and hospital associated pathogens, can cause infectious diseases including...

Yeast is one of the most important studies in the fermentation field. Yeast is eukaryotic fungi with different properties. It’s used in making many products such as milk, yogurt, bread and more. Yeast has most of the contents such as Golgi apparatus, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic...

The eukaryotic signal transduction have calcium which is a common second messenger, and also initiate the various actions of cell in response of stress-induced stimuli and controls the wide range of signal pathways (Sanders et al., 2002). Variations in Cytosolic Calcium have been recognize in...

Liposomal Technology Basics Liposomes serve to administer nutrients straight inside the cells. Vitamins and minerals are condensed inside tiny lipid bubbles, named liposomes. Liposomes are bilayer/double-layer bubbles filled with liquid, and constituted using phospholipids. Over 5 decades ago, researchers first learnt that these bubbles could...

For my Ethnobotany assignment, I chose to do Achillea millefolium. Commonly referred to as Yarrow, Achillea is native to North America, Asia, and Europe. I chose this plant because of my relationship to it and its relationship to the Pacific Northwest. My journey with plant...

In organic variables following parts (infection, microscopic organisms, growths and parasites) cell culture, human endoparasites are incorporated. These segments have harming impact on wellbeing. Influence of asset bounty on population elements There are a few elements which decides the progressions of populace bounty, for example,...

Introduction Ruminants diet is rich in fiber (consists of polymers e.g. cellulose) and low in proteins. Almost all animals as well as mammals lack the enzymes for metabolizing cellulose. Only microorganisms possess such enzymes which aid in fermenting cellulose and other polysaccharides consumed by the...

Dear CNN: Since the mid-nineties, microbeads have been used in thousands of consumer products: shampoos, face scrubs and even toothpaste. Microbeads are polyethylene spheres, typically, a millimeter or less in diameter and almost invisible to the naked eye (Rozental-Evesque, 2010). Unfortunately, while they seem to...

Triclocarban (3,4,4’-trichlorocarbanilide; TCC) and triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol; TCS) are antimicrobial agents widely used in various personal care products such as liquid and bar soap, dish detergent, toothpaste, and medical disinfectants at levels of up to 2% and 0.3% (w/w), respectively. They are also formulated into...

Since their establishment in 2015, the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs) tasked governments with constructing a multi-faceted approach to achieving an agreed-upon list of goals by 2030 (Akinsemolu, 2018). The rapidly-deteriorating state of the earth’s biosphere and reduction in the global quality of...