Essays on Microbiology

New research is spurring exciting developments showing the presence of trillions of bacteria that survive inside our body and how this bacterium affects our genes. Science is driving us all nuts with such mind blowing yet fascinating information regarding new developments. We have always known...

There’s different types of movements which go across the cell membrane. One of the transport is a passive transport which is movements across the cell membrane this doesn’t require any energy which is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane. There are 3 different main roles...

With the help of high morphological and narrow genetic variation salinity tolerant plant is affected in chickpea breeding. Immense numbers of drought as well as salinity-responsive ESTs have been generated from the root tissue of chickpeas. Phenotypic qualities, for example leaf chlorophyll content, root traits,...

John Harvard and Andries Robertson states “that nitrogenous fertilizer has no effect on their soil fertility and crop production is on a rise”. If that was true, it would count as a major environmental benefit of synthetic nitrogen use. At a time of climate chaos...

A Genetically Modified (GM) or transgenic crop is a plant whose DNA has been altered or modified using genetic engineering with the aim of introducing a desired trait to the plant which doesn’t exist naturally in the plant species. The characteristics of a living organism...

Salmonella spp The immune system is constructed to defeat any bacteria that can be a threat to body. However, salmonella knows when it enters the body of the host and it can change its behaviour to deal with our immune system and to cause infection...

Fungi are the eukaryotic, achlorophyllous, and unicellular or multicellular organisms, which may reproduce by asexual and sexual spores. All are eukaryotic – Possess membrane-bound nuclei (containing chromosomes) and a range of membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles (e.g. mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum). Most are filamentous – Composed of...

Introduction Plant viruses are viruses that effect on plants. Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants. Viruses also cause many important plant diseases and are responsible for huge losses in crop production and quality in all parts of the...

The history on this topic actually starts thousands of years ago with selective breeding in animals. Through breeding selectively, we strengthened useful traits in plants and animals. We became good at this, but never fully were able to understand how it really worked. Then we...

Microorganisms make up a large part of the planet’s living material and play a major role in maintaining the Earth’s ecosystem. Microorganisms are the tiny organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eyes. They are microscopic and are usually known for producing diseases to...

The eukaryotic signal transduction have calcium which is a common second messenger, and also initiate the various actions of cell in response of stress-induced stimuli and controls the wide range of signal pathways (Sanders et al., 2002). Variations in Cytosolic Calcium have been recognize in...

Acidithiobacillus strains SP5/1 and HV2/2 are rod-shaped, Gram-negative, γ-proteobacterium, aerobically pyrite-oxidizing and Acidophilic bacteria that thrives optimally at 30°C and 45°C respectively (Klingl, Moissl-Eichinger et al. 2011). S-layer molecular structure similarity in symmetry in the closely related species can be used as a taxonomic characteristic...

Introduction Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 are one of the most common and most contagious pathogens. the virus is transmitted through Mouth, respiratory system, Direct person-to-person contact, saliva, sexual contact. Primery infection usually apears in the form of labialis on skin or...

First and foremost Single nucleotide polymorphisms, frequently called SNPs or pronounced “ snips”, is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide as A, T, C or G in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in a human....

Introduction Phagocytes play a pivotal role in innate immunity and are the initial cells involved in an immune response. They are a family of cells including, monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Phagocytes are able to recognise Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) associated with ‘non-self’...

Introduction Crucial factors while cultivating cells include being precise, to work quickly and to do so while maintaining a sterile environment. Using a biological safety cabinet or a hood, is one way to provide filtered air and a clean workspace. Air is taken into the...

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist who was born on October 24, 1632, in, what was at the time, the Dutch Republic. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was proclaimed “The Father of Microbiology” by the scientific world for his numerous contributions to science throughout his lifetime....

There are different cells, but there are 2 cells that you have to focus on: the plant’s cell and animal’s cell. We can compare and contrast the 2 cells. So first you got the plant cells. They are eukaryotic cells of eukaryotic organism. These distinctive...

Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold into three-dimensional shapes. The shape of the protein is very important to its function and the three-dimensional structure is specified by an amino acid sequence. Protein structure has 4 levels of organisation known as primary, secondary, tertiary...