A collection of cells performing a specific function is called tissue. Plant tissues can be grouped into plant tissue systems each performing specialized functions. A plant tissue system is defined as a functional unit, connecting all organs of a plant. Plant tissue system is also...
A cell’s ability to respond to its environment is essential to its survival. Short term-responses to environmental stimuli, which can occur rapidly and are usually reversible, most often result from modification of existing proteins. The long-term response, are usually the result of changes in the...
Introduction In the early years of scientific investigations in the field of heredity, the methods used to obtain data were considered genetical but once the physical basis of genetic conditions were recognized several studies were performed using methods of both cytology and genetics, using the...
Introduction Let’s see in detail how these two cellular divisions differ from each other: Made-to-order essay as fast as you need it Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences + experts online Get my essay Cell Division Mitosis involves only one division...
Altered expression of glycans on the cell surface can act as markers of various diseases including cancer and AIDS. Identification of these altered glycans can be easily achieved by using glycan binding proteins, specifically antibodies and lectins. Therefore, it is always important to identify and...
More than 90% of of cancer related mortality is caused by metastasis. To develop new therapeutic strategies it is vital to understand the initiation and progression of metastasis. To identify and isolate metastasis initiating tumour-cells scientists developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based array. There are...
Salmonella bacteria is a rod-shape motile bacterium. Its structure contains: Flagellum tail-like structure that allows the bacteria to swim/move around in liquid environment by moving the tail in wave motion. Cell wall that allows the bacteria to keep its shape rounded tube shape. DNA contains...
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor C/EBPa, required for the in vivo transition of common myeloid progenitor-to-GM progenitor. Myelomonocyte cell-type features are educed by the ectopic expression of C/EBPa in primary bone marrow cells, lymphocytes or in fibroblasts, where C/EBPa function along with PU.1, as...
Introduction to Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular diagnostic technique that allows visualization of specific chromosome nucleic acid sequences within a cellular preparation. It involves the precise annealing of a fluorescence-labeled DNA probe to complementary targeted sequences. Thus, the genes...
“ Made-to-order essay as fast as you need it Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences + experts online Get my essay The cell cycle is the process in which a cell goes through leading to the duplication of its DNA and...
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Presently, various cytologic diagnostic techniques are being used in the evaluation of suspected lung neoplasms. Though the initial diagnosis of malignancy can be made based on clinico-radiological grounds, but the definitive diagnosis needs cytological or histopathological...
MHC class I molecules present peptides which bind to the T cell receptors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These are found on the cell surface of almost all nucleated cells in the body which enable the T cells to distinguish between “self” and foreign antigens. This...
Introduction Although the XXY karyotype has been associated with some forms of crime (Stockholm et al., 2012), most studies have focused instead on individuals who have the XYY or “supermale” mutation, in which males have an extra Y chromosome. In turn, males will possess 47...
“ Made-to-order essay as fast as you need it Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences + experts online Get my essay Before delving into the adverse effects of changes of pH in our body it’s important to understand what pH is....
Stem cells. What is it? What does it do? Where does it come from? All these questions and more will be answered soon enough. Stem cells are undifferentiated, or cells that are so new and have yet to be signed a role of what to...
The term “polymer” is composed of two words, (polus, meaning “many, much”) and (meros, meaning “parts”), and refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass. The units that make up these...
Introduction G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a well-known broad group of membrane receptors that are among the most significant therapeutic targets. Activation of GPCRs by extracellular stimuli initiates signal transduction, eventually leading to a physiological response. Obtaining the crystal structure of GPCRs through crystallization protocols...
Introduction Many of studies propose that NF-kB is essential for the expression of inflammatory cytokines and tissue damaging enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis (Lawrence, 2009). Consistently, activation of NF-kB has been shown in synovial tissue from RA patients, and this appears to be related to clinical...
“Stem cell research holds enormous promise for easing human suffering, and federal support is critical to its success” – Tom Harkin. Stem cells originate from adult body tissues and embryos, but they can also be donated through bone marrow, peripheral stem cells, and umbilical cord...
In cells, free radicals are continuously produced either as by-products of metabolism or deliberately as in phagocytes (Cheeseman and Slater 1993). The model of scavenging DPPH radical is especially useful in evaluating chain-breaking activity in the propagation phase of lipid (and protein) oxidation (Manzocco et...
My understanding of epigenetics is directly linked to my understanding of how basic genetics itself works. Cells, which are popularly known as the “building blocks of life” or the “smallest unit of life,” are like little workers in every human being that play a major...
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.During the process of meiosis one cell divides two times to...
Becoming a scientist has always been a dream of mine from the day I was first introduced to the captivating concepts of science and medicine in particular. The mental ability to approach a problem with the right amalgam of logic and reasoning has supported me...
Movement of solute molecules across the cell membrane into regions of higher concentrations or against a concentration gradient, with the use of metabolic energy input is known as active transport. Binding protein transport systems or ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) is a good example of...
Respiration is the chemical process by which organic compounds release energy. The compounds change into different ones by exergonic reactions. There are two types of respiration: Made-to-order essay as fast as you need it Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences +...
Mitosis and meiosis are two different forms of reproduction in eukaryotic cells. These two processes are similar in some aspects while different in others. Both result in the creation of new cells, but through different methods. Mitosis is a type of asexual reproduction, while meiosis...
A skin scraping can reveal the presence of any abnormal cells occurring on the surface of the skin. It can reveal certain fungus, bacteria, and parasites. By determining the cause of a skin disorder, an effective and appropriate treatment can begin. Skin scraping is when...
HeLa is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. Its scientific name is Helacyton gartleri. It came from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta lacks...
There was a time when man used to pass things we couldn’t see. Lots of things are invisible, but that does not suggest they’re not there. Yet Scientists knew it from centuries that the insides of all living beings are made up of tiny cells....
Polymers are large molecules and have the same structural unit repeating over and over and these repeating units are known as monomers. These monomers are attached with each other with covalent bonds and form polymers. Polymers generally consist of high molecular weight and over 10000...
